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Chapter Five: Health-Compromising Behaviors

Chapter Five: Health-Compromising Behaviors. Chapter Outline. Characteristics of health-compromising behaviors Obesity Eating disorders Alcoholism and problem drinking What is substance dependence? Smoking. Characteristics of Health-Compromising Behaviors. Habitual and addictive

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Chapter Five: Health-Compromising Behaviors

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  1. Chapter Five:Health-Compromising Behaviors

  2. Chapter Outline • Characteristics of health-compromising behaviors • Obesity • Eating disorders • Alcoholism and problem drinking • What is substance dependence? • Smoking

  3. Characteristics of Health-Compromising Behaviors • Habitual and addictive • Window of vulnerability in adolescence • Influenced by peer pressure • Pleasurable and helps to cope with stress • Develop gradually • Have similar causative factors • Common in the lower social classes

  4. Obesity • Excessive accumulation of body fat • Risks • Contributes to: • Death rates for all cancers and cardiovascular disease • Atherosclerosis, hypertension, Type II diabetes, and heart failure • Increases risks in surgery, anesthesia administration, and childbearing

  5. Obesity • Major cause of disability • Lowers the drive to exercise • Difficulty performing basic tasks • Poor cognitive functioning • Associated with early mortality • Can cause psychological, social, and economic stress

  6. Obesity in Childhood • Causes • Genetics • Forceful feeding style • Sedentary lifestyle • Depends on the number and size of an individual’s fat cells

  7. SES, Culture, and Obesity • Factors that influence obesity • Social status and culture • Depression • High neuroticism, extraversion, and impulsivity • Social networks • Siblings and friends who are obese

  8. Dieting as Risk Factors for Obesity  • Yo-yo dieting: Successive cycles of dieting and weight gain • Enhances the efficiency of food use • Lowers metabolic rate • Set point theory of weight: Each individual has an ideal biological weight, which cannot be greatly modified

  9. Stress • Affects eating habits of different people in different ways • Can disinhibit food consumption • Stress eating: Practice of eating in response to stress • Tied to anxiety and depression

  10. Ways to Treat Obesity • Dieting • Surgery • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) • Screening • Self-monitoring • Stimulus control • Controlling eating

  11. Ways to Treat Obesity • Self reinforcement • Controlling self-talk • Adding exercise • Stress management • Social support • Relapse prevention

  12. Preventive Measures for Obesity • Training parents on sensible meal-planning and eating habits • Changing lifestyles at an young age • School-based interventions • Social engineering strategies

  13. Eating Disorders • Developed due to the pursuit of thinness • Highest disability and mortality rates of all behavioral disorders • Lead to: • Depression and anxiety • Low self esteem and a poor sense of mastery

  14. Anorexia Nervosa Obsessive disorder amounting to self-starvation • Body weight is well below optimum level Causes • Genetic factors - Genes involving the serotonin, dopamine, and estrogen systems • Interactions between genetic and environmental factors • Dysregulated biological stress systems • Personality characteristics • Family interaction patterns

  15. Treating Anorexia • Therapy • Cognitive-behavioral approaches • Family therapy • Prevention • Addressing social norms • Addressing the health risks of eating disorders • Urging symptomatic individuals to accept treatments

  16. Bulimia • Characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and purging • People with binge eating disorders are characterized by: • Excessive concern with body and weight • Preoccupation with dieting • History of depression, psychopathology, and alcohol or drug abuse

  17. Bulimia • Difficulties with managing work and social settings • Causes • Different stress responses • Higher cortisol levels • Large body mass • Depression and substance abuse • Genetics and hormonal dysfunctions

  18. Bulimia • Family values • Low leptin functioning • Hypothalamic dysfunction • Food allergies • Disordered taste responsivity • Disorder of the endogenous opioid system • Neurological disorder

  19. Treating Bulimia • Convincing bulimics about the seriousness of the disease • Combination of medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy • Using relapse prevention techniques

  20. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking Associated with: • High blood pressure • Stroke • Cirrhosis of the liver • Certain forms of cancer • Brain atrophy • Sleep disorders Leads to: • Economic loss • Social problems

  21. Substance Dependence • Repeatedly self-administering substances • Physical dependence: Body adjusts to substance and incorporates its use into normal functioning of the body’s tissues • Tolerance: Body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance • Craving: Strong desire to engage in a behavior or consume a substance

  22. Substance Dependence • Addiction: Person becomes physically or psychologically dependent on a substance following repeated use over time • Withdrawal: Unpleasant symptoms experienced by people when they stop using the dependent substance • Causes anxiety, irritability, intense cravings for the substance, nausea, headaches, tremors, and hallucinations

  23. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking • Patterns of behaviors • Inability to cut down on drinking • Repeated efforts to control drinking • Binge drinking • Occasional consumption of large quantities • Loss of memory while intoxicated

  24. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking • Drinking despite health problems • Drinking of nonbeverage alcohol • Physical addiction • Withdrawal symptoms • High tolerance for alcohol

  25. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking • Causes • Genetics • Socio demographic factors • Stress - Financial and social • Low social support • Unemployment • Depression

  26. Treatments of Alcohol Abuse Cognitive-behavioral modification programs Providing employment opportunities and social support Treatment programs • Detoxification: Conducted in a carefully supervised and monitored medical setting for hard-core alcoholics Relapse prevention

  27. Evaluation of Alcohol Treatment Programs • Factors associated with successful alcohol treatment programs • Environmental factors • Moderate length of participation • Involvement of family and employers • Social engineering approaches are required to complement formal intervention efforts

  28. Preventive Approaches to Alcohol Abuse • Inducing adolescents to not drink or to keep it under control • Promoting social influence programs in schools • Enhances adolescents’ self-efficacy • Changes social norms • Low-cost option for low-income areas

  29. Drinking and Driving • Results in thousands of vehicular fatalities each year • Can be controlled by: • Programs such as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) • Adopting self-regulatory techniques

  30. Smoking • Single greatest cause of preventable death • Increases the risk of many diseases and disorders • Coworkers and family members of smokers are affected by secondhand smoke

  31. Synergistic Effects of Smoking • Boosts the damaging effects of other risk factors • Stress and smoking interact in dangerous ways • In men - Increase heart rate reactivity to stress • In women - Reduce heart rate but increase blood pressure as a response to stress

  32. Effects of Smoking • Weight and smoking can interact to increase mortality • Smoking and depression can interact to substantially increase the risk for cancer • Related to anxiety in adolescence

  33. Factors Associated with Smoking in Adolescents • Initial experimentation • Peer pressure • Interacting with other smokers • Lack of discipline and monitoring in schools • Familial attitude and influence • Socio economic status

  34. Factors Associated with Smoking in Adolescents • Increase in stress • Depression • Mass media influence • Low self-esteem • Dependency • Feelings of powerlessness • Social isolation

  35. Why is Smoking So Hard to Change? • Associated with pleasurable activities • Highly individualized • Leads to short-term unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when stopped abruptly • Elevates mood • Keeps weight down • Benefits of being abstinent is not known

  36. Ways to Reduce Smoking • Changing attitudes toward smoking • Therapeutic approach to the problem • Nicotine replacement therapy • Interventions • Social support and stress management • Interventions with adolescents • Relapse prevention

  37. Ways to Reduce Smoking • Evaluation of interventions • Brief interventions • Workplace interventions • Commercial programs and self-help • Self-help aids: Encourages smokers to quit the habit

  38. Smoking Prevention Programs • Catch potential smokers early and attack the underlying motivations that lead to smoking • Implemented in schools • Emphasize the negative effects of smoking • Convey a positive image of the nonsmoker • Peer groups are used to foster non smoking

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