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Political Influence on the Bureaucracy:

Reading Presentation of Scott R. Furlong (1998). The Bureaucracy Speaks. Political Influence on the Bureaucracy:. AKMA YENI MASRI (1B10B9) MUTAQIN (1B10C4). Public Management and Policy Analysis Program (PMPP) International University of Japan 2011. The Research (Scott R. Furlong 1998).

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Political Influence on the Bureaucracy:

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  1. Reading Presentation of Scott R. Furlong (1998) The Bureaucracy Speaks Political Influence on the Bureaucracy: AKMA YENI MASRI (1B10B9) MUTAQIN (1B10C4) Public Management and Policy Analysis Program (PMPP) International University of Japan 2011

  2. The Research (Scott R. Furlong 1998) • Introduction • Literature Review • Methodology • Results • Discussion and Conclusions

  3. Introduction • The study examines the theory of political influence over bureaucratic policy in the US making from the perspective of agency officials who are being pressured. • It explores their perception of influence from five other institutions in US system: Congress, the president, courts, interest groups, and the general public. • This exploratory study also examines the different methods used by these institutions in their pursuit of influence.

  4. Literature Review • The external forces on an agency and the complexity of the relationship between bureaus and other institutions (Kaufman 1981; Mitnick 1991) • Congress influence bureaucratic policy through a variety of ex post control and ex ante techniques (Weingast and Moran 1983; Bendor and Moe 1985; Mc Cubbins 1985), and also through formal and informal ways (Ogul 1976; West 1995).

  5. Literature review......(2) • President uses its executive orders to monitor and influence regulatory policy and rule making in the agency (Cooper and West 1988; Durrant 1992). • The courts also play an active role in decision making within bureaucracy (Moe 1985; Wood and Waterman 1993).

  6. Literature review......(3) • In all of theory of policy subsystem (Thurber 1991), issue networks (Heclo 1978), and advocacy coalitions (Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith 1993; Meier and Garman 1995), interest group attempt to influence the executive agencies through direct and indirect communication.

  7. Methodology • The research : surveys to executive branch managers in 12 agencies in US on 1995 : EPA, FTC, FCC, NRC, FAA, DOC, DOI, FDA, HCFA, OSHA, Energy, Education. • Some potential concerns: some offices selected may not deal with policy making, some lower-level managers may feel too far removed from the outside pressures, the survey does gather information from a variety of agencies, and surveys were sent to official agency headquarter rather than within the region.

  8. Results

  9. PERCEPTION OF INFLUENCE Previous Study by Waterman, Wright, and Rouse (1994) : The most Influencial organization are : Courts Congress President How about Furlong’s Research.....?????

  10. Perception of influence.....(2) Source : Furlong (1998)

  11. Perception of influence.....(3) The Implications : • Congress and President : the most influencing institutions on policy making. • They tend to share ability and responsibility rather than dominance/control each other  Supports the theory on multiple actors by Mitnick (1991) • The result is different than Waterman, Wright, and Rouse (1994) • The public is lowest one  may be hidden in the influence that happen indirectly through congress or interest group • Suggestion : must include interest groups as a factor influencing executive policy

  12. TYPES OF MECHANISM Used by President • Selecting/changing political appointess (6.29) • Contact : presidential staff and agency (6.20) • Executive orders (4,71) • Selecting/changing political appointess (6.12) • Contact : presidential staff -agency (4.49) • Executive orders (5.50) • Reorganization (4.03) • Direct contact : president - agency officials (3.01) • Reorganization (4.41) Frequency of Use Effectiveness

  13. Types of mechanism ...........(2) Important note : • Bureaucratic managers are more aware of presidential management techniques, particularly coercive control power. Gormley (1989) used the term of ‘muscle’ for this case. • ‘Reorganization’ in public administration literatures has important rules, but this study shows that this method is not very effective from manager’s perspective

  14. Types of mechanism ...........(3) Used by Congress • Member - Agency comm (6.21) • Statutory deadlines (6.09) • Prog-ev : congress support agency (2.39) • Statutory deadlines (5.29) • Hearing on bills (5.91) • Hearing on bills (4.81) • Staff-Agency comm (5.59) • Member - Agency comm (4.44) • Prog-Ev : congress support agency (5.42) • Prog Ev : committe staff (3.90) • Prog_Ev : committe staff (4.62) • Staff investigations (3.60) • Staff investigations (4.07) • Comments of FR doc (3.87) • Comments of FR doc (3.57) Frequency of Use Effectiveness

  15. Types of mechanism ...........(4) • Results is in accordance with many previous literatures on congressional oversight • Methods that tend toward muscle strategies are perceived more often and more effective

  16. Types of mechanism ...........(5) Used by Interest Group • Advisory, regulatory negotiation (6.19) • Congress committee comm (6.01) • Public meetings (6.00) • Agency personnel comm (5.88) • Advisory, regulatory negotiation (5.97) • Member – Agency comm (4.83) • Suit against agency when enforce action (5.33) • Petition agency (4.53) • Suit against agency before enforce action (5.32) • Member – Agency comm (4.72) • OMB contact (4.18) • OMB contact (4.71) • Suit against agency when enforce action (4.00) • Petition agency (4.58) • Suit against agency before enforce action (3.84) • Use another agency (3.26) • Use another agency (3.08) Frequency of Use Effectiveness

  17. DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN AGENCIES RESPONDENT AGENCIES

  18. Distinctions between agencies ...........(2) Source : Furlong (1998)

  19. Distinctions between agencies ...........(3) • Differences are exploratory and speculative • IRCs’ personnel presume the traditional political actors (Congress and President) have less influence than others  support theory that IRCs are more independent from political institutions

  20. Conclusions & Suggestions • Agency officials perceive the influence in the policy making  react in the same way between top-down and bottom-up studies • More responses will be given to the pressures that speak loudly • Bureaucracy caters many and various demands  challenge the managers to search other preferences • Future research : Targetting particular offices in agency (instead of choosing randomly); conducting direct survey (face-to-face interviews); combining bottom-up and top-down approaches.

  21. Thank You

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