1450 – 1750 C.E. pg 153

1. 1450 – 1750 C.E.pg 153

2. If you only learn 6 things… • Pg 153

3. The Big Picture • What happens when people come into contact with each other? (Columbian Exchange) • Why do some things change while others stay the same? (Inclusion of the Americas) • How does new technology and movement affect the world? (gunpowder, diseases) • How do societies organize themselves socially; role of women? (social structure based on race in Americas) • How do people identify themselves culturally and intellectually? (Renaissance, Reformation) • How do people govern themselves? (stretched overseas power; Ottoman, Mughal and Qing grew powerful)

4. Impact of Interaction – Development of Global Economy European Exploration • Ming explored Indian Ocean but halted voyages • Indian Ocean thriving trade route • Europe enters Indian Ocean trade = global trade (instead of just Asian) • Europe’s motivation= search for resources, new trade routes to Asia, desire to spread Christianity; spices; wanted to cut middleman out

5. Ottoman conquering of Constantinople – less friendly to European traders. • Europe acquired technology to expand their seagoing capabilities (rudder, sails, compass, agrolabe) • Portugal early leader of explorations Look at Map and Chart of the Early European Explorers: Pg 156

6. Trading Post Empires • Initial goal of Europe was not to conquer but to control trade. • Wanted to force Merchants to pay • Portugal began to decline • English and Dutch took over; used joint stock companies (investors funded exploration)

7. Columbian Exchange • Inclusion of the Americas into global trade set off global diffusion of plants, food, crops, animals, humans and diseases. • Devastating effect = small pox; 100 million people died Look at Chart 

8. Role and Impact of Silver • Silver was responsible for stimulating the global trade network • Mexico and Potosi mines; China’s desire for silver powered Spanish economy and world economy; Mexican silver was used to purchase Chinese goods

9. Role and Impact of Sugar • Cultivation of sugar was complex production of land, labor, etc. • Heavy labor • Specialized skills • Imported Africans became main labor source • Slaves had harsh conditions

10. State Building

11. The Ottoman Empire • Mongols had invaded former Islamic Empire; Mongol power decreases; Ottoman’s increased • Military might and gunpowder drove Ottomans to power. • Janissaries – slave troops of Christian boys • Byzantine Empire controlled most of Turkey; captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul • Istanbul becomes center of Islamic Civilization; Hagia Sophia • Sultan’s Harem – had political power; trained and educated; Koran • Sultan’s mother – Queen Mother; advisor to throne • Empire became too large to maintain; corruption; successors unequipped to rule; could not compete.

12. Mughal India • After Mongols; Babur (Muslim) conquers N. India; regional kingdoms become centralized; Begins Mughal Empire • Akbar – continued uniting; religious toleration (with Hindus); abolished jizya • Shah Jahan – built Taj Mahal – tomb for his wife (most famous Mughal architecture • After Akbar with Aurangzeb: 1. religious toleration ended; reinstated jizya 2. Arrival of Europeans; Muslims were not worried, however England would end up conquering the empire

13. Songhay (W. Africa) • Took over weakened Mali • Sunni Ali – appointed governors to provinces; army; navy for Niger River • Trans-Saharan trade – brought salt, textiles and metal in exchange for gold and slaves. • Emperors were Muslims; traditional beliefs were not abandoned • Europe began contact with Africa as Songhay was losing control of empire

14. Kongo (central Africa • Became centralized • Portugal established commercial relations which led to close political and diplomatic relationship. • Provided military to Portugal; kings converted to Christianity • King’s authority became undermined with the slave raids and Kongo would be defeated by the Portuguese.

15. Spanish and Portuguese Expansion Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain had West; Portugal had East • Peninsulares – Spanish Officials • Creoles – Spanish born in the colonies (would become leaders of the independence movements) • Mestizos – mixed European and Indian • Mulattos – mixed European and African • Native Americans Missionaries – Christianity • Encomienda system – American Feudalism • Gave Spanish Settler right to demand labor in the mines and fields • Mita

16. Qing Dynasty (China) • “Foreign Dynasty” (Manchus) would be China’s last dynasty • Manchus wanted to preserve their ways, but closely resembled China’s dynasty • Outlawed intermarriage • Queue – braided hair • Civil Service Exams were kept; patriarchal views and footbinding were kept • Part of the global trade network; sold silk, porcelain, lacquerware and tea. • Only wanted sliver • Trade was carefully watched by government • Govt. favored stability rather than innovation. • Population growth = increased labor pool

17. Russian Empire • Eliminated Mongol rule to emerge as an empire of their own • Ivan III; established strong central government (Czar) • Romanov Family came to power to rule for 300 years. • Peter the Great = Westernization • Science and technology • military and navy • Western clothes • St. Petersburg – new capital; window to the West. • Catherine the Great – continued Westernization • Serfdom expanded • Law code placed serfs under tight control of landlord

18. Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate • Wanted to stabilize region and prevent civil war. • Controlled daimyos • Controlled relationships with the outside world; forbidden from going abroad and building large ships. • Only Chinese and Dutch ships could trade • However, Japan’s economy grew; agricultural production = population increase • Samurai became government administrators. • Christianity had some Japanese converts; but government ended missions and persecuted missionaries and converts. • Dutch would be principal source of info about Europe; kept them up to date with science and technology (later industrialization)

19. Systems of Forced Labor

20. Atlantic Slave Trade • Middle Passage • Triangular Trade • Some African societies benefited economically but several experienced severe population loss. • Increased political conflict in Africa • Plantation societies – Cash Crops • Many transplanted Africans were Christianized but still retained their unique language and culture which mixed with Spanish and indigenous cultures in the Americas

21. Russian Serfdom • After Mongols, many free peoples were in debt were forced to become serfs. • Govt. encouraged to satisfy nobility and could regulate peasants • 1649 – serfs were born into status and could not escape it. • Could be bought and sold • Had to pay high taxes and extensive labor service

22. Cultural and Intellectual Changes

23. Renaissance • Changes took place slowly and started in Italian peninsula. • Crusades brought Europe to Arab culture = increased interest in other cultures. • Roman and Greek written works were uncovered. • Started a “rebirth” in a reappearance of ancient works in understanding the world • “Hallmarks of Renaissance” Chart • Wealthy Italians became patrons of the arts and sciences. • “Renaissance Man” – human ideas of multifaceted (talented in many areas) • Leonardo Da Vinci – best example of “Renaissance Man”

24. Reformation • Renaissance encouraged debate and criticism of existing order • Most powerful was Catholic Church (over kings and peasants) • Had corrupt practices of selling forgiveness and salvation (indulgence) • Martin Luther posted issues the Church needed to address (95 Theses): Look at the main issues • Luther’s views divided Europe; Protestants (Protested Catholic Church) • Look at Outcomes of Protestant Movement

25. Enlightenment • Philosophers and social critics • Divine Right – Kings were ordained to rule by God • Social Contract – conflicted with Divine Right • Thomas Hobbes • John Locke • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Voltaire • Montesquieu • Questioned traditional authority (church and monarchy) • Created political radicalism • Influence of Chinese knowledge to Europe (civil service exam) • Enlightened Monarchs – Joseph II (Austria), Frederick II (Prussia)

26. Scientific Revolution • Renaissance and Reformation allows Europe to examine the world once again; investigate the mysteries of nature • Intense experimentation and discovery • Copernicus – mathematically theory disproving the earth was the center of the universe • Galileo • Scientific Method – steps to prove the reasoning • Brahe • Bacon • Kepler • Newton

27. Scientific Revolution led a major rift in society • Christians – some held on to their beliefs, others rejected Church • Became atheists or Deists – belief in God but God played a minor role • Deism – watchmaker God theory

28. A new Economy • Banking become more acceptable • Joint-stock companies – pooled resources of many merchants to reduce the cost and risks of colonization • Would later receive royal charters for colonization • Mercantilism – fostered resentment from colonists who were forced to pay for goods while they were shipping resources back to Europe for no profit