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Explore the key events and figures of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, including the Freedom Riders, Birmingham Campaign, March on Washington, and more.
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Freedom Riders Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated south, in 1961 and after, in order to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisionswhich ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zBY6gkpbTg Commissioner Bull Connor (Commissioner of Safety for city of Birmingham) refused to provide police protection for the Freedom Riders in 1961 upon word that they would be besieged upon their arrival in Birmingham.
James Meredith, Medger Evers (an African American civil rights activist in Mississippi and the state's field secretary of the NAACP) helped to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi JFK ordered federal marshals to escort Meredithinto the university. University of Mississippi, 1962 James Meredith
In the spring of 1963, activists in Birmingham, Alabama launched one of the most influential campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement: Project C, better known as The Birmingham Campaign. It was a series of lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall and boycotts on downtown merchants to protest segregation laws in the city. Over the next couple months, the peaceful demonstrations would be met with violent attacks using high-pressure fire hoses and police dogs on men, women and children alike. The Birmingham Campaign, 1963 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5HISnAjz7U
Alabama Governor George Wallace "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. Wallace stood in from of the entrance of the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop the enrollment of black students. JFKused federal troops to enforce the desegregation of the university. University of Alabama, 1963 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WbLGlIzW88
March on Washington, 1963 • A massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. • The event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. • It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have A Dream”speech. • Planned by A. Philip Randolph
Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign that attempted to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi. Blacks had been cut off from voting since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws. Organized by Fannie Lou Hanner. Freedom Summer, 1964 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-Vg6BYcvMc
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Because of the Civil Rights movement, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • This law ended all racial discrimination in public facilities such as restrooms, restaurants, buses, movie theaters, and swimming pools.
The Selma to Montgomery March, 1965 • Throughout March of 1965, a group of demonstrators faced violence as they attempted to march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand the right to vote for black people. • On March 7, 17 people were injured by police, including future congressman John Lewis. • Since that time, March 7th has been known as "Bloody Sunday.” • As a result of the march, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. • Prohibited discrimination at voting polls. • Established bilingual ballots in areas with large amount of non-English speaking minorities. • Outlawed literacy tests for voters. • Gave Federal Government power to oversee all elections. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRwnXUbJdfg
Change was not happening quickly enough …more radical groups emerged/gained momentum Black Panthers, 1966 https://www.cbs.com/shows/cbs-sunday-morning/video/jnATWU3h9PITVIaUcCIys_Ek_Cx7_4wI/remembering-the-black-panthers/ Nation of Islam, originally founded in 1930, reemerged in the 1960’s • The Black Panthers, also known as the Black Panther Party, was a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Sealeto challenge police brutality against the African American community. • Dressed in black berets and black leather jackets, the Black Panthers organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other U.S. cities. • The religious organization called the Nation of Islam emerged among African Americans in the first half of the 20th century. • Also known as the Black Muslims, it combines elements of traditional Islam with black nationalist ideas. • Malcolm X was a major leader (later renounced the organization for what he saw as extremism)
OtherIssues creating heightened tensions among whites and African Americans Affirmative Action In Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Court ruled unconstitutional a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process Kerner Commission, 1965 • Investigated race riots • Watts riots. The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion, took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965. • On August 11, 1965, Marquette Frye, an African-American motorist on parole for robbery, was pulled over for reckless driving. • A minor roadside argument broke out, and then escalated into a fight with police. • Riots then broke out, resulting in 34 deaths and over $40 million in property damage. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHRu-bjbyWI
Civil Rights Act of 1968 • Written as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Created to enforce equal housing opportunities for all races • One cannot be refused to rent or sell a house to anyone, anywhere, based upon their race
