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Chief Officer Training Curriculum

This training module provides an overview of structural collapse incidents, including identifying resource levels and capabilities, determining risks, establishing incident objectives, and selecting tactics. Participants will learn command skills required and appreciate the need for effective incident management.

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Chief Officer Training Curriculum

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  1. Chief Officer Training Curriculum Operations Module 11: Structural Collapse Simulation Exercise

  2. Objectives • Identify various resource levels, types, and capabilities used for structural collapse incidents • Determine types and levels of structural collapse risks • Determine levels of capability for a structural collapse incident • Establish incident objectives

  3. Objectives (continued) • Determine strategies • Select tactics • Identify and request resources • Establish an appropriate ICS organization to manage a structural collapse incident

  4. Overview • Basic knowledge of factors involved in a structural collapse incident • Appreciation for the complexity of structural collapse incidents • Practice of command skills required to manage structural collapse incidents • Appreciation for the need for effective incident management

  5. Collapse Caused by Fire • Localized or catastrophic • Life hazard to: • Firefighters • Civilians • Operations may have to continue • Firefighting strategy may or may not have to change • Collateral damage to rigs, exposures, fire extension • Water from firefighting adding weight

  6. Localized Collapse Localized collapse • Minor—part of a ceiling assembly • Substantial—a roof, ceiling or floor assembly Catastrophic collapse • Fire damage causes structural members to fail • Heating of structural members leads to collapse • Explosions or backdrafts damage structural elements

  7. Vehicle Accidents • Structural damage usually localized • Can involve bearing walls or supports • Hazards of other weakened building components • Damage to building utilities • May cause fire • Victims • Extrication problems

  8. Building Alterations • Approved alterations (permit posted) • Alterations done with approved plans but done incorrectly • Pre-existing but unknown weaknesses • “Owner approved” alterations • Alterations done without permits • Structural members removed • Bearing walls removed • Demolition

  9. Natural Hazards • Earthquake • Wind • Tornadoes • Hurricanes or typhoons • Trees down into building • Precipitation • Rain • Snow

  10. Low Probability/High Risk • Complex rescues • Dangerous rescues • Time-critical situations • Interaction of different levels of rescue capability

  11. Rescuer Hazards Potential threats include: • Physical • Medical • Environmental • External • Psychological

  12. Unsafe Conditions • Unstable building/secondary collapse • Confined space • Flammable or toxic hazard • Oxygen-deficient atmosphere • Ignition source • Sharp, unstable, or irregular surface

  13. Safety Considerations • Preplanning and training • Use of ICS • Establishment of a Safety Officer, safetyplan, and Rapid Intervention Crew • Use of a personnel accountability system • Require appropriate protective clothingand equipment

  14. Response Operations • Search for live victims • Rescue live victims—realize time a critical factor for survival • Consider risk/benefit factors • Structural stability/instability • Consider safety factors • Continue firefighting operations

  15. Recovery Operations • Remove deceased victims and personal property • Realize time is not critical • Use additional safety precautions (when possible) • Use critical incident stress management • Work with law enforcement and coroner in investigation and recovery operations • Stabilize and secure the site

  16. Levels of Capability/Resources • Local fire department • FEMA National US&R Task Forces • Spontaneous volunteers • Other agencies

  17. Private Sector ResourcesCommunity Emergency Response Team (CERT)

  18. Private Sector ResourcesSearch Dogs and Handlers

  19. Private Sector ResourcesPrivate Contractors

  20. Private Sector ResourcesStructural Engineers

  21. Private Sector ResourcesIndustry Teams

  22. US&R Resource Types • US&R Task Force • Type I (Heavy)—concrete, steel, confined space • Type II (Medium)—heavy timber, masonry • Type III (Light)—basic rope rescue • Type IV (Basic)—surface rescue

  23. US&R Task Force

  24. Type 1: Heavy Rescue Company—Heavy Rescue Capability

  25. Type 2: Truck Company—Medium Rescue Capability

  26. Type 3: Engine Company—Light Rescue Capability

  27. Coordinating with Other Agencies • The incident (IC and agency representative(s)) • Department dispatch center or department operating center • Local Emergency Operations Center (EOC) • County EOC • State multi-agency coordination system and EOC • Federal coordinating system • City level (mayor)

  28. Operational Considerations • Time • Location • Occupancy (hazards, type, multiple) • Height and area (six sides) • Size of collapse area and structural hazards • Fire and hazardous materials problems

  29. Operational Considerations (continued) • Exposures • Utilities (gas, water, electricity) • Weather • Victims • Traffic • Rail

  30. Operational Considerations (continued) • Personnel • Incident command • Communications • Medical • Safety • Special equipment

  31. Operational Considerations (continued) • Construction equipment • Shoring materials • Information updates • Staging areas • Responder rest, recovery, and relief • Secondary collapse

  32. Life Safety andPersonnel Considerations • Collapse hazards: • Structural failure • Nonstructural failure • Nonstructural damage • Environmental conditions “Low occurrence/high-risk incidents injure and kill firefighters.”

  33. Personnel Accountability • IC must ensure an accountability system in place early during initial response • Accurate information must be provided on assignments and locations of: • Companies • Crews • Personnel

  34. Scene Safety • Provide leadership and organization • Obtain accurate information and develop plan • Make safety top priority • Assign ISO and Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) • Provide appropriate protective measures and safety equipment

  35. Scene Safety (continued) • Rotate crews and provide rehabilitation • Plan for contingencies • Monitor, isolate, confine, contain, and mitigate hazards • Communicate and use chain of command • Hold periodic briefings • Plan for injuries and stress management

  36. Question ... “What actions should the IC take when managing the scene of a structural collapse?”

  37. Initial Response

  38. Information Officer Expanded Response Incident Commander Safety Staging Officer RIC Law Public Division Division Group Works A B Task Force 1 Task Force 2 Law Debris (Rescue) Enforcement Removal (Rescue) (Scene) US&R Law Engine Strike Team Enforcement Strike Team (Rescue) (Scene) (Support) Law Enforcement (Traffic) Ambulance Engine (Search) (Medical) Law Ambulance Ambulance Enforcement (Medical) (Medical) (Traffic) US&R Strike Team (Search

  39. Detailed IAP • Developed for each operational period • Essential elements include: • Specific detailed objectives • Tactics (to meet objectives) • Resource assignments • Incident organization • Maps • Plans for communications, medical, safety, and traffic

  40. Operational Periods • Planned time periods needed to achieve objectives • May require shorter operational periods due to rapidly changing incidents

  41. Logistical Support Long-term needs: • Lighting • Large food/water supply • Major equipment, repair, supply function • Special equipment acquisitions • Other support functions (specific to a structural collapse incident)

  42. Incident Facilities • Multiple staging areas • Large base for personnel and equipment support • Supply and equipment distribution system • Expanded Incident Command Post (ICP) • Larger triage and treatment areas • Morgue • Decontamination area

  43. Incident Command Fire Law Enforcement Information Liaison Safety Finance/ Operations Planning Logistics Administration Section Section Section Section Staging Air Operations Situation Communication Time Status Unit Unit RIC Resource Search & Law Public Multi- Medical Procurement Exposure Status Rescue Enforcement Works casualty Unit Unit Branch Unit Branch Branch Branch Branch Documentation Food Scene Heavy Unit Unit Division Medical Office Security Equipment A Group Division Group Group Victim Locator Traffic Patient Division Public Restaurant Unit Control Transportation B Utilities Division Group Group US&R Technical Fire Evacuation Debris Recon Specialist Suppression Group Removal Group Group US&R Group#1 US&R Group #2

  44. Extended ICS Organization During a multibranch response: • The IC assigns Logistics and Finance/ Administration Chiefs • Operations has established five branches • Planning, Logistics, and Finance/ Administration have several operational units

  45. Interaction with EOC • Activated to support response agencies and coordinate multi-agency operations • Local government EOCs are central point for coordination within and outside jurisdiction • Field level coordination may go through dispatch

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