The U rinary System

1. The Urinary System Lecture 9 Alaa Al-Hasani

2. Objectives • Describe the major functions of the urinary system. • Name and describe the structures of the urinary system. • Recognize, define, spell and pronounce terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.

3. Lecture Content • Functions of the Urinary System • Structures of the Urinary System • Pathology, diagnostic and treatment procedures of the Urinary System • Medical specialists related to the Urinary System • Most common abbreviations related to the Urinary System

4. TheUrinarySystem Suffix means pertaining to- Urine

5. Functions of the Urinary System The urinary system performs many functions that are important in maintaining homeostasis (home/o means sameness, -stasis means control), through: • Maintains the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluid by removing excess fluids from the body or reabsorbing water as needed. • Filter the blood to remove urea and other waste materials from the bloodstream. • Convert excess water and waste products into urinein the kidneys and excretes them from the body via the urinary bladder.

6. Structures of the Urinary System The urinary system ,also refereed to as the urinary tract, consist of: • 2 Kidneys • 2 Ureters • Bladder • Urethra

7. Structures of the Urinary System1- The Kidneys Function: The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water and salts, these are excreted as urine. Structure: 1-The renal cortex: is the outer rim of the kidney. It contains over one million microscopic units called Nephrons. • Nephrons:are the functional unit of the kidneys. They form urine by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Alaa Al-Hasani

8. Structures of the Urinary System1- The Kidneys 2-The medulla: is the inner region of the kidney. 3-The renal pelvis: is the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by theses two layers.

12. Structures of the Urinary System2- The Ureters Function: The ureters are narrow tubes, carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder.

15. Structures of the Urinary System3- The Urinary Bladder • The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine which is located in anterior portion of the pelvic cavity.

18. Structures of the Urinary System4- The Urethra • The urethra is the tube that transports the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. “Caution: the spelling of ureter & urethra are very similar”

20. The excretion of urine • As the bladder fills up  pressure is placed on the base of the urethra  resulting in the urge to urinate. • Urination: is the normal process of excreting urine.

23. Pathology of the Urinary System

24. Renal Failure (also known as kidney failure):is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions. The body can’t replace damaged Nephrons. • Acute Renal Failure (ARF):has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia, caused by drop in blood volume or blood pressure due to injury or surgery. • Chronic Renal Failure (CRF): is the progressive loss of renal function due to variety of conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

25. End-stage renal disease (ESRD): refers to the late stage of chronic renal failure, without dialysis or kidney transplant, this condition is fatal. • Anuria: absence of urine formation by the kidneys (an- means without , -uria means urine). • Uremia: is toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream (ur- means urine , -emia means blood condition)

26. Nephrotic syndrome: is acondition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine & low levels of protein are present in the blood. • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): occur more frequently in the women because of the shortness of urethra & proximity of its opening to the vagina and rectum.

27. Characteristics of kidney malfunction disease: • Edema:excessive fluid in the body tissue. • Hyperproteinuria: is presence of abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine. • Hypoproteinuria:is presence of abnormally lowconcentration of protein in the urine.

28. Stones • Stone (also known as calculus): is an abnormal mineral deposit. These stones are vary in size and named for the organ or tissue where they are located. • Types and locations of Urinary stones:

29. Diagnostic procedures of the Urinary system

30. Diagnostic procedures of the Urinary system • Urinalysis:is the examination of the urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. • Cystoscopy: is the visual examination of the urinary bladder using cystoscope. • Cystography:is a radiographic examination of the bladder.

31. Treatment procedures of the Urinary System

32. Treatment procedures of the Urinary system 1- Medications • Diuretics:are medications administrated to increase urine secretion.

33. Treatment procedures of the Urinary system 2- Dialysis • Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function. • (dia- means complete or through , -lysis means sepration) • 2 types of dialysis: • Hemodialysis (HD). • Peritoneal dialysis (PD).

34. Treatment procedures of the Urinary system I- Hemodialysis (HD) • Filters waste products directly from the patient’s blood. • This treatment takes several hours and must be repeated about three times a week. • (hemo- means blood , -dia- means complete or through , -lysis means sepration)

35. Hemodialysis

36. Treatment procedures of the Urinary system II- Peritoneal dialysis • In the peritoneal dialysis, the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDBNmgkIqMs

37. Peritoneal dialysis

38. Treatment procedures of the Urinary system 3- Kidney transplant • Process of grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys.

39. Treatment procedures of the Urinary system Removal of kidney stones • Lithotripsy: is the destruction of a kidney, urinary or bladder stone with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves . • Nephrolithotomy: is the surgical removal of kidney stone through incision in the kidney.

40. Ultrasonic lithotripsy

41. Medical specialist related to the Urinary system

42. Medical specialist related to the Urinary system • Nephrologist: specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the kidneys • Urologist: specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system of females and genitourinary system of males. (The term genitourinary refers to both the genital and urinary organs).