American Experiments Chapter 2 (1521-1700)

1. American Experiments Chapter 2 (1521-1700)

2. Chattel Slavery • Virginia & Maryland (Chesapeake) - 1660’s • Legally defined chattel slavery • Status of slave child based on the MOTHER. • Ran contradictory to English law

3. Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

4. Spain’s Tribute Colonies • A New American World • Encomienda System- Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown • Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor • Very Harsh, yet profitable • Spanish Social Classes • Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged. (mixed racial groups) • Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians

5. Spain’s Tribute Colonies • The Columbian Exchange • Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas • New crops introduced to Europe- potato, maize • Horse had large impact on Indian life • In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased

6. The Fall of Spain’s Tribute Colonies • The Protestant Challenge to Spain • England began to build up a navy • Mercantilism- purpose was to benefit the Mother Country (England) by exporting more goods than importing.

7. Plantation Colonies • Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for sugar & tobacco. • Brazil’s Sugar Plantations; • Very hard work, milling done on site • As the Indian population declined, African slave labor was introduced • England’s Tobacco Colonies • Jamestown (1607) • Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony) • Originally came looking for gold but eventually tobacco became the cash crop, • Exhausted the land, began to encroach on Indian land • House of Burgesses- 1st Representative gov.

8. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

9. Jamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)

10. Plantation Colonies • Indian War • 1/3 of Jamestown's population was killed by Indian attacks. English retaliated • Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624- colonists had to pay taxes to support the Church of England

11. Plantation Colonies Cont • The Caribbean Islands • Like Brazil, these focused on sugar production • Plantation Life: • Plantation’s grew in part, due to the Headright System: • Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant passage- benefited the rich. • Indenture Contract: Popular in Chesapeake • 5-7 years., Promised “freedom dues” [land] • Forbidden to marry. ½ die before they became free

12. Indentured Servitude HeadrightSystem Indentured Contract, 1746

13. Plantation Colonies Cont. • African Laborers: • Used more heavily in the Caribbean (Sugar) • Used more in Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it was cheaper than indentured servants. • Strict laws develop that promote racism and regulated behavior of blacks

14. The Settlement of Maryland • A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632. • A proprietary colony created in 1634. • A healthier locationthan Jamestown. • Tobacco would be the main crop. • His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship. • Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

15. Colonization of Maryland

16. A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. • High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics. • Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 • Supported by the Catholics in MD. • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]. • In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

17. A Haven for Catholics • Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. • Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area. • Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers. • Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c. • In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.

18. MD Toleration Act, 1649

19. Currency in Early Maryland

20. St Mary’s City (1634)

21. New European Colonies • New France • Expanded into N.American interior-Canada • Quebec was established as a trading post (fur) • New Netherland • New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony but engaged in significant commerce • Like the French, the Dutch traded furs

22. New European Colonies • The rise of the Iroquois • Central & Western NY • Traded weapons and goods w/ the Dutch & French • Remained a strong force in NY

23. New European Colonies Cont. • New England • The Pilgrims • Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England • Plymouth climate was better than Chesapeake • Representative self- government was established

24. New European Colonies Cont. • The Puritans • wanted to Purify the English Church, Not Separate from it. • John Winthrop & Massachusetts • “City Upon a Hill” • Church members had tremendous power- only ones that could vote • Not Religiously tolerant

25. New European Colonies Cont. • Roger Williams & Rhode Island • Advocated separation of church & State, Religious toleration, and friendly relations w/ Indians • Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop • No legally established church in RI • Anne Hutchison • Seen as a major threat to Puritans • Challenged gender roles in Church • Claimed to have direct revelations w/ God • Banished from Mass. Bay Colony

26. New European Colonies Cont. • Puritans & Witchcraft • Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th Cent. • Accused tended to be wealthy, widowed, and middle-aged • Reflected religious and social tensions • Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan Society • After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined • Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment

27. Instability, War, & Rebellion • New England’s Indian Wars: • Puritan-Pequot War • Pequots were allied w/ the Dutch, hated English Settlers • 500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, English retaliated and gained land • Death from disease and poor treatment of Indians was justified has God’s will (Winthrop) • Metacom’s War 1675-1676 • Metacom (King Philip) was the leader of the Wampanoags. Metacom was killed, and Natives were rarely a threat in New England after.

28. Portrayal of Native Americans

30. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley • Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. • Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area. • Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Nathaniel Bacon GovernorWilliam Berkeley

31. Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

32. Bacon’s Rebellion • Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites. • Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown. • They burned the capital. • Rebels went on a rampage of plundering. • Bacon suddenly died of fever. • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

33. Governor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”

34. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. • Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. • Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!!

35. The Atlantic Slave Trade

36. The Recap • Columbian Exchange • Spanish Explorers • Encomienda System • Maryland and the Catholics • Winthrop, Hutchison, & Williams • Puritan’s Witch hunt • Metacoms War • Bacon’s Rebellion