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Local & Metropolitan Area Networks

Learn about the TCP/IP relationship with OSI model, Internet layer, Transport layer, UDP, and IP addressing classes. Explore subnetting basics and subnet masks. Compare OSI and TCP/IP models. Understand Internet architecture and protocols.

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Local & Metropolitan Area Networks

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  1. Local & Metropolitan Area Networks ACOE322 Lecture 5 TCP/IP Protocol suite and IP addressing

  2. 0. INTRODUCTION We shall cover in this topic: • The relation of TCP/IP with internet and OSI model • Internet layer • Transport layer and UDP • Application layer

  3. 1. History and Future of TCP/IP • The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions. • Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model.

  4. Application Layer • Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. • The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer.

  5. Transport Layer Five basic services: • Segmenting upper-layer application data • Establishing end-to-end operations • Sending segments from one end host to another end host • Ensuring data reliability • Providing flow control

  6. Layer 4 Protocols

  7. Internet Layer • The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken. • Internet layer protocols: • Internet Protocol (IP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

  8. Network Access Layer • The network access layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the network media. • It includes the LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and datalink layers.

  9. Comparing the OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

  10. Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP models • Both have layers. • Both have application layers, though they include very different services. • Both have comparable transport and network layers. • Packet-switched, not circuit-switched, technology is assumed. • Networking professionals need to know both models.

  11. Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models • TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer into its application layer. • TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer. • TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. • TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does.

  12. Internet Architecture • Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol specifications, can communicate, reliably even when not directly connected. • LANs are no longer scalable beyond a certain number of stations or geographic separation.

  13. 2. TCP/IP Internet layer Internet Addresses

  14. IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number

  15. Binary and Decimal Conversion

  16. IP Address Classes

  17. IP Address Classes

  18. IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

  19. Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16,777,214 maximum hosts Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65,534 maximum hosts Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts * Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address

  20. IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers Class D: Multicast Class E: Research

  21. Network IDs and Broadcast Addresses An IP address such as 176.10.0.0 that has all binary 0s in the host bit positions is reserved for the network address. An IP address such as 176.10.255.255 that has all binary 1s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address.

  22. Private Addresses These addresses are NEVER used on the Internet and should never appear on the Internet. They are used only for private networks.

  23. Reserved Address Space • Network ID • Broadcast address • Hosts for classes of IP addresses

  24. Basics of Subnetting • Classical IP addressing • Subnetworks • Subnet mask • Boolean operations: AND, OR, and NOT • Performing the AND function

  25. Subnetworks • To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion and designates them as the subnet field.

  26. Subnetworks

  27. Subnet Mask • Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field • Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask: • 1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. • 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. • 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. • 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation.

  28. Subnet Mask Subnet mask in decimal = 255.255.240.0

  29. Boolean Operations: AND, OR, and NOT • Recall • AND is like multiplication • OR is like addition • NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1.

  30. Performing the AND Function

  31. Range of Bits Needed to Create Subnets

  32. Subnet Addresses

  33. Decimal Equivalents of 8-Bit Patterns

  34. Creating a Subnet • Determining subnet mask size • Computing subnet mask and IP address • Computing hosts per subnetwork • Boolean AND operation • IP configuration on a network diagram • Host and subnet schemes • Private addresses

  35. Determining Subnet Mask Size Class B address with 8 bits borrowed for the subnet 130.5.2.144 (8 bits borrowed for subnetting) routes to subnet 130.5.2.0 rather than just to network 130.5.0.0.

  36. Determining Subnet Mask Size Class C address 197.15.22.131 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 (3 bits borrowed) The address 197.15.22.131 would be on the subnet 197.15.22.128.

  37. Subnetting Example with AND Operation

  38. IP Configuration on a Network Diagram The router connects subnetworks and networks.

  39. Host Subnet Schemes The number of lost IP addresses with a Class C network depends on the number of bits borrowed for subnetting.

  40. Broadcast addresses exercise Fill-in the class, subnet and broadcast IP addresses in the following table Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast 201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 64.10.19.152 255.255.240.0

  41. Broadcast addresses exercise answer Fill-in the class, subnet and broadcast IP addresses in the following table Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast 201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.56 201.222.10.63 15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.192.0 15.16.199.255 128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.12 128.16.32.15 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B 153.50.6.0 153.50.6.127 64.10.19.152 255.255.240.0 A 64.10.16.0 64.10.31.255

  42. Exercise 1 • Given the IP address 192.168.100.86 find • The default mask • The subnet mask, assuming 5 bits of subnetting • The subnet IP address • The broadcast address • The first and last valid host IP addresses

  43. Exercise 1 answer • Given the IP address 192.168.100.86 find • The default mask: It is a class C address, therefore Default mask is 255.255.255.0 • The subnet mask, assuming 5 bits of subnetting 5 bits for subnet, 3 remaining bit for host addresses, so subnet mask is 255.255.255.248 • The subnet IP address: 192.168.100.80 • The broadcast address: 192.168.100.87 • The first and last valid host IP addresses 1st valid host address: 192.168.100.81 Last valid host address: 192.168.100.86

  44. Exercise 2 • Given the IP address 172.16.164.32/19 find • The default mask • The subnet mask • The subnet IP address • The broadcast address • The first and last valid host IP addresses

  45. Exercise 2 answer • Given the IP address 172.16.164.32/19 find • The default mask It is a class B address, so Default mask is 255.255.0.0 • The subnet mask: 255.255.224.0 • The subnet IP address: 172.16.160.0 • The broadcast address: 172.16.191.255 • The first and last valid host IP addresses 1st valid host address: 172.16.160.1 Last valid host address: 172.16.191.254

  46. IPv4 versus IPv6 • IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed. • IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4. • IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. IPv4

  47. Obtaining an IP Address • Static addressing • Each individual device must be configured with an IP address. • Dynamic addressing • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) • Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • DHCP initialization sequence • Function of the Address Resolution Protocol • ARP operation within a subnet

  48. Default Gateway A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on the router that connects to the network segment on which the source host is located.

  49. 3. TCP/IP Transport Layer Five basic services: • Segmenting upper-layer application data • Establishing end-to-end operations • Sending segments from one end host to another end host • Ensuring data reliability • Providing flow control

  50. Flow Control • Avoids the problem of a host at one side of the connection overflowing the buffers in the host at the other side • Ensures the integrity of the data

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