Atmospheric organic aerosols – present knowledge and research needs

1. Atmospheric organic aerosols – present knowledge and research needs • Thomas Reichert, Joop van Ham, John Murlis • EFCA, Delfgauw, The Netherlands; info@efca.net; www.efca.net • VDI / DECHEMA / GDCh Expert Forum • Atmospheric Chemistry – Tropospheric Aerosols • Berlin, Germany, 25/26 November 2015

2. Whatis EFCA? Mission To help to achieve policies and measures that will protect the environment, climate and human health in Europe against the effects of pollution while fostering sustainable development One atmosphere: connecting science and policy

3. Membership • Full Members • CAPPA, Croatia • FAPPS, Finland • APPA, France • KRdL, Germany • GUS, Germany • CSIA/ATI, Italy • VVM-CLAN, Netherlands • PIGE, Poland • SCAS, Sweden • Cercl’Air, Switzerland • TUNCAP, Turkey • EP-UK, United Kingdom • EP-Scotland • Associate Members • IUAPPA (International Union of Air Pollution and Environmental Protection Associations) • NILU, Norway Observers • ASASPP, Austria

4. Activities • Conferences:Organised by Members • Proceedings, etc. • Policy initiatives • Forum discussions • Newsletter • Website (www.efca.net) • Furthering professional activity: agreement on mutual assistance among members - e.g. Joint Exhibition Green Week with ENEP

5. VDI/DECHEMA/DGCh Expert Forum 2015 General Assembly + USA IEST EU CEEES TAB Reliability &ESS Henri Grzeskowiak TAB Mechanical Environments Dave Richards TAB Climate and Air pollution effects Thomas Reichert President (changed regularely) Chris Peterson (contact) Thomas Reichert (President, biannual change) David Delaux (Vice-president, upcoming president) CH SSEE NL PLOT D GUS F ASTE B BSTEE UK SEE FI KOTEL S SEES I AITPA CZ NACEI AUS ÖGUS P SOPSAR Ueli Grossen Harry Roossien Karl-Friedrich Ziegahn Henri Grzeskowiak Johan CatrysseFrançois Crepain Dave Richards Marku Juntuunen Göran Jansson Secretariat Ivan Kudlacek Dietmar Loidl Antonio Brito Meetings February: GA and TAB’s in Bruxelles combined with a conference Sept/Oct.: GA and TAB’s in a European country combined with a conference In between: ad hoc workgroup meetings WG Reliability WG Mech. bepr. Erik Veninga Ronnie van Leeuwen GA : General Assembly TAB : Technical Advisory Board

6. Content of presentation • Concern on present PM-policies • Fraction-by-Fraction Approach • Black Carbon and Organic Aerosols • Main trends on organic aerosols from recent symposia

7. Concern on present PM-policies (1) • Aspects that are not considered include: • Chemical composition and specific toxicity • Specific risks of the ultrafine fraction • Relation to sources • Particle numbers concentration • Particle surface area • Absorptivity

8. Concern on present PM-policies (2) • What does this mean? • Claims on health protection are imprecise • No guidance on addressing priority sources • No stimulus to have co-benefits with climate objectives • How to change? • Fraction by fraction: chemical composition and size • Research agenda: new priorities

9. Fraction-by-Fraction policysize - chemical composition • Evidence that size (ultrafine fraction, 30-170 nm) is a crucial factor for cardiovascular and olfactory induced effects • PM10/PM2.5 -policy may be effective for respiratory effects, but not necessarily for cardiovascular and olfactory effects (Janssen, 2011) • BC and POA emissions and atmospheric SOA production are predominantly in the 30-170 nm size

10. Ultrafine particlesspecific health risks Primary • Black Carbon • Primary Organic Aerosol (POA) • Metals (combustion, metallurgical processes) • Abrasion particles (traffic) • Natural (Sea salt, Saharan dust) Secondary • Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) • Inorganic aerosol • Sulphates (ultrafine?) • Nitrates (ultrafine?) • Natural (Natural haze) • Resuspended aerosol: ultrafine?

11. Black Carbon Particles • 2011/2012 Focus on Black Carbon: • Better correlation with short-term health endpoints than PM10/PM2.5(Jansen, et al, 2011; WHO, 2012) • BC-sources are well known; emissions in ultrafine mode • BC-policy is coherent with policies to reduce emissions of particle numbers from heavy vehicles (EUROVI) • Climate forcer: AQ-policies on BC result in less warming • Potential co-benefits of integrated policy furthers implementation of AQ legislation in Member States • (EFCA Policy Initiative No.3 , 2012)

12. Organic Aerosols • 2013-2015 Focus on Organic Aerosols: • POA: semi-volatile Polycyclic Aromatics (PCAs), co-emitted with BC deposit at particle surfaces; several PCA‘s are carcinogenic • SOA: under summer smog conditions POA are oxidised in part and converted into ‚reactive oxidative species (ROS)‘; • ROS considered responsible for ‚oxidative stress‘ • SOA production with exhausts from biofuels is faster • POA/SOA might be the more toxic fraction, BC being rather the carrier

13. Organic Aerosols and EFCA • Literature review (EFCA , 2014): • POA/SOA relevant for climate: Brown Carbon as climate forcer • Major knowledge gaps, both with respect to air quality and climate • Too early for a new EFCA Policy Initiative • Discussions at EFCA symposia(Amsterdam 2014; Brussels 2015)

14. EFCA session at the

15. EFCA Session on Organic Aerosols • Role of separate fractions of PM in air quality AND radiative forcing • BrC short lived climate pollutant? • Water uptake/hygroscopic growth: Depends on species – influences climate and health effects • Ice nuclei: Effectiveness depends on size and chemical composition – there are huge knowledge gaps • SOA: Globally very important • BC: Major share from traffic emissions – low emission zones help, but do not decrease PM • Interest of developed countries: Climate, developing countries: Health • Composition also means source appointment

16. Uncertainty in radiative forcing effects of particles • Model inputs AND validation (developing countries); more complex than gases (size and composition) • Validation: Database is too limited • Organic aerosols in chemistry or climate models: Early stage of development (semi-volatile, ignore chemical reactivity) • One Atmosphere

17. Main points from the May 4 – 5 2015, Brussels

18. Main points • Health effects: Cardiovascular mortality is highest for 30-50 nm size fraction of UFP (Number concentration measurements) • Nucleation is not a continuous process • From gases to particles • Atmospheric condition determined • Black carbon is a carrier

19. Research agenda • More Measurements of ultrafine particles including chemical composition of ultrafine particles • Modelling of residential exposures • Studies on short-term health effects, based on network monitoring and on personal exposure, also considering microclimate data • Studies assessing all criteria pollutants and black carbon jointly with ultrafine particles • Studies on long-term health effects of ultrafine particles Keynote: Annette Peters (Helmholtz Zentrum München)

20. Research agenda • Emission Inventories: • Improved, more complete emission inventories • Origin of organic carbon in urban areas (source apportionment)   • Atmospheric chemistry/toxicity: • Particle – cell interactions experiments • Make laboratory experiments more atmospherically relevant/under more realistic conditions • Assessment of physicochemical and toxicological properties for PM health effects • Combination of air quality and nanoparticle engineering • Atmospheric exposure: • Indoor air quality, processes between indoor and outdoor air Short summary from panel discussion

21. www.iuappa2016.org Aug. 29 – Sep. 2, 2016, Busan, South Korea Clean Air for Cities – National, Regional and Global Perspectives and Solutions