Polyamide 6

1. Polyamide 6 Structure of PA6 -[ HN (CH2)5 CO ]-n Polyamide 6 is prepared from  caprolactam in the presence of water (which acts as a catalysts) and acetic acid as a molecular weight regulator. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

2. Polyamide 6,6 Structure of PA 6,6 -[ HN (CH2)6 NH-CO (CH2)4 CO]-n The Polyamide 66 is prepared from Polyamide salt, which is prepared by reacting the hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid in boiling methanol.

3. POLYAMIDE 6 Monomer Structure  caprolactam CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

4. POLYAMIDE 6,6 Monomer Structure Nylon Salt CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

5. Monomer Preparation: 1. caprolactam Cyclohexanone 2. Nylon Salt Adipic Acid & Hexamethylenediamine CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

6. Preparation of Polyamide 6 • Polyamide 6 is prepared from  caprolactam in the presence of water (which acts as a catalysts) and acetic acid as a molecular weight regulator. • The typical combination is charged into the vessel and reacted under a nitrogen blanket at 250°C for about 12 hours. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

7. Manufacturing of Polyamide 6 • The schematic diagrams of the continuous polymerization of  caprolactam to produce Polyamide 6 Flow diagram of continuous production of Polyamide 6 CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

8. Manufacturing of Polyamide6 • The VK tube is used in the polyamide process. • A lactam melt with a relatively high water content (~15%) is fed to the top of the VK tube equipped with a stirrer and heating coil. • The water vaporises at the top, when viscosity is still low, to give a residue of the desired composition. • In the lower part of the tube, the equilibrium degree of polymerisation is reached with an increasing viscosity of the melt. • The polymer is drawn off at the bottom and granulated. Its equilibrium content of caprolactam and oligomers is about 10% at a final temperature of 270°C. • The monomer and oligomers are extracted from the chips with hot water, and the polymer is subsequently dried with hot gas in a ventricle cylinder hot dryer. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

9. Preparation of Polyamide 6,6 The Polyamide 66 is prepared from Polyamide salt, which is prepared by reacting the hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid in boiling methanol.

10. Manufacturing of Polyamide 6,6 The polymerization of Polyamide 66 is carried out in several different reactors connected in series

11. Manufacturing of Polyamide 6,6 • The starting material is an aqueous solution of polyamide salt containing equivalent quantities of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid • The solution with about 60% solid content is fed into the first horizontal cylindrical reactor then divided into several components where the water is drawn off as vapor and precondensate of low mol. wt. is formed. • This is pumped into the second reactor, which is a heated tube reactor with a gradually increasing diameter. • The Polycondensation proceeds here and vapor forms at falling pressure. • The next step is the removal of water in a steam separator followed by feeding the polymer melt by means of a screw conveyor into the last reactor, which consists of a heated screw conveyor where water vapor is again withdrawn and the final poly-condensation equilibrium is attained.

12. Relations of Structure and properties of Polyamide 6 • The following structural variables affect the properties. • The distance between the repeating –CONH- group • The number of methylene groups in the intermediates • The molecular weight • N- substitution • Co-polymerization CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

13. Characteristics of Polyamide 6 & 6,6 (For identification) • The material is semicrystalline and having high water absorption capacity. • It is milky white - yellow colour • It is identified by the smell of burnt horn when burned, yellow flame with a blue halo, can be formed into a filament. • Its melting point is 215°C (PA6) & 264°C(PA66) • Its short term and long term service temperature are respectively 140 - 160°C(For PA6,6 10°C more) and 80 - 100°C. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

14. Characteristics of Polyamide 6 & 6,6 • The general characteristics of Polyamide 6 & 6,6 is summarized below • Hard and tough thermoplastic • Good abrasion resistance • Low co-efficient of friction • High tensile strength • Good dimensional stability • Low tendency to work • Smooth appearance of surface • Average to high surface gloss • Resistance to lubricants, engine fuels, grease etc. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

15. Characteristics of Polyamide 6 & 6,6 • Good resistance to coolants, refrigerants, paints, solvent cements. • Resistant to aqueous solution of many inorganic chemicals. • Posses high HDT • Attached by strong acids, phenols, cresol at devoted temperature • High temperature resistance • Low co-efficient of linear thermal expansion • High water absorption CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

16. Comparison between different polyamides

17. Comparison Performance Properties

18. Grades of Polyamide 6 The Polyamide 6 is available in various grades • Injection molding grade • Extrusion grade • Rotational Molding grade • Fluidized bed coating grade CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

19. Processing considerations for Polyamide 6 • The material has to be predried at 80°C for 2 - 4 hours • While molding Polyamide attention on the following points is essential. • High Injection speed of the molding machine • Control of shot or size • Minimizing drooling by nozzle of reverse tapper type. • Shrinkage of the part • Annealing at 130° to 149°C for 10 - 20 hrs. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

20. Processing considerations for Polyamide 66 • The Polyamide 66 is also processed with much precautions as like Polyamide 6. • The annealing temperature of Polyamide 66 part is 149 – 177°C. • The Polyamide 66 is processed in the temperature range of 260-320°C. • The material has to be predried at 80°C for 2 - 4 hours • Injection moulding, Extrusion techniques, Compression moulding, Foam moulding and Rotomoulding techniques are used for processing the materials. • While moulding Polyamide 66, the precautions what are taken for Polyamides 6 the some should be taken for Polyamide 66. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

21. Applications of Polyamide 6(Areas of Applications) • Appliances • Automotive • Business equipment • Consumer products • Electrical • Hardware • Machinery • Packaging CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

22. Applications of Polyamide 6 • Appliances • Laundry equipment • Cooking equipment • Dishwashers and disposers • Cooling equipment • Consumer electronics • Housecleaning equipment • Small kitchen appliances • Sewing machine • Personal care and grooming CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

23. Applications of Polyamide 6 • Automotive • Chassis parts • Power plant • Decorative body parts • Functional body parts • Electrical parts • Fuel system • Instrumentation • Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning • Accessories CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

24. Applications of Polyamide 6 • Business equipment • Business machines • Vending machines • Office equipment CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

25. Applications of Polyamide 6 Consumer products Kitchen utensils Toys Sporting goods Apparel fitments Personal accessories Photographic equipment Musical instruments Brush bristles Packaging Film for cooking Fishing line Football face guards are made of Nylon 6 because of its great toughness Tennis racquet CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

26. Applications of Polyamide 6 Electrical Industrial controls Wiring and associated devices Industrial connectors Batteries Telephone parts Switches CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

27. Applications of Polyamide 6 Hardware Furniture fittings Door and window fittings Tools Lawn and garden implements Boat fittings CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

28. Applications of Polyamide 6 Machinery Agricultural Mining and oil drilling Food processing Printing Textile processing Engine parts Pumps, valves, meters, filters Air blowers Material handling equipment Standard components Gears Cams Sprockets Bearings Gaskets Pulleys Brushes Caster Wheels Spur and Pinion gears Bushing and Bearing CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

29. Applications of Polyamide 6 Packaging Film and coated substrates Polyamide 6 film for meat packaging CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

30. Applications of Polyamide 66 Areas of applications are very similar to Polyamide 6. • Appliances • Automotive • Business equipment • Consumer Products • Electrical • Hardware • Machinery and packaging CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

31. Applications of Polyamide 66 Hammer handles of glass reinforced Polyamide are superior to wood they replaced (Application related to hardware) Hammer Handles CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

32. List of Manufacturers/ Suppliers of Polyamide 6 CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING