7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

1. 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 12th editionRichard T. Schaefer

2. Ideas • Choice Theory (CH4) weighing costs and benefits of a crime and committing when the benefits outweigh the risks. • Train Theory- Crime is the result of an internal biological or psychological abnormality. Found genetics was slightly stronger than socialization. • Social Structure Theory- Who people are is a product of their environment, social disorganization (crime is highest in transitional zones with people constantly moving in and out), strain (anomie – the result of disjunction between the goals one has and the means to achieve them- substance abusers try to escape reality, extremist milita creating their own norms), Cultural Deviance (combines strain and social disorganization-delinquent sub cultures- middle class measuring rod- status frustration, Theory of differential opportunity- not all have the same opportunities to engage in crime such as join a gang) • Rational Choice Theory, neutralization theory- appealing to higher localities, protecting his own people- denying the victim, we are the victims here: 30 lives extinguished mashable: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YIq_dkLHJI • Son kills neo- nazi father as he sleeps: https://www.inquisitr.com/895919/california-officials-cant-decide-where-to-send-13-year-old-killer/ • Dexter Made me Do it article: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1320982/Dexter-kill-brother-Teenager-jailed-murdering-boy-10-claimed-inspired-hit-TV-show.html • Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory): Children see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JrtpCM4yMM • https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2014/01/nike_sued_by_portland_pimp_for.html • Neutralization Theory- methods of rationalizing behavior- Won’t take responsibility for his crime- did not win the case • Labeling- Carlsberg stunts with bikers

3. Deviance and Social Control "Except here it's always good cop, good cop." Gary Rawitz New York City http://www.cartoonbank.com/CapContest/CaptionContest.aspx?id=104

4. Inside: What Is Deviance? Social Control Law and Society Sociological Perspectives on Deviance Crime: A Sociological Approach Crime Statistics Social Policy and Social Control: The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide

5. Roles- Look at the current event you have been given • What is deviant about it? • How would you respond given your group’s role? • Parents • Peer group • College administrator • Government • Why does this deviance exit? (use theoretical perspectives beginning on p. 152) • Does this deviant behavior rise to the level of a crime? If so, what types is it? • What a careers are related to this deviant behavior?

6. Roles- Look at the current event you have been given • What is deviant about it? • How would you respond given your group’s role? • Parents • Peer group • College administrator • Government • Why does this deviance exit? (use theoretical perspectives beginning on p. 152) • Does this deviant behavior rise to the level of a crime? If so, what types is it? • What a careers are related to this deviant behavior?

7. https://nypost.com/2018/09/29/the-new-mafia-is-wising-up-and-keeping-quiet/https://nypost.com/2018/09/29/the-new-mafia-is-wising-up-and-keeping-quiet/

8. https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/news/20180930/missouri-man-gets-2-years-for-hate-crimes-directed-at-mosquehttps://www.tuscaloosanews.com/news/20180930/missouri-man-gets-2-years-for-hate-crimes-directed-at-mosque

9. https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/09/hate_crime_charges_filed_in_brutal_beating_of_gay_man_from_nj.htmlhttps://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2018/09/hate_crime_charges_filed_in_brutal_beating_of_gay_man_from_nj.html

10. https://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/northbay/sonomacounty/8790440-181/cybercrime-sonoma-conference-expertshttps://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/northbay/sonomacounty/8790440-181/cybercrime-sonoma-conference-experts

11. https://news.sky.com/story/cyber-crime-group-cobalt-still-chasing-big-financial-targets-11509140https://news.sky.com/story/cyber-crime-group-cobalt-still-chasing-big-financial-targets-11509140

12. https://www.policeone.com/federal-law-enforcement/articles/481035006-Convicted-hackers-to-cooperate-with-FBI-to-close-cybercrime-investigations/https://www.policeone.com/federal-law-enforcement/articles/481035006-Convicted-hackers-to-cooperate-with-FBI-to-close-cybercrime-investigations/

13. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/30/brighton-university-accused-encouraging-prostitution-sex-workers/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/30/brighton-university-accused-encouraging-prostitution-sex-workers/

14. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-florida-doping/yankees-star-alex-rodriguez-reportedly-admits-to-doping-idUSKBN0IP2CC20141105https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-florida-doping/yankees-star-alex-rodriguez-reportedly-admits-to-doping-idUSKBN0IP2CC20141105 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-florida-doping/yankees-star-alex-rodriguez-reportedly-admits-to-doping-idUSKBN0IP2CC20141105

15. Roles- Look at the current event you have been given • What is deviant about it? • How would you respond given your group’s role? • Parents • Peer group • College administrator • Government • Why does this deviance exit? (use theoretical perspectives beginning on p. 152) • Does this deviant behavior rise to the level of a crime? If so, what types is it? • What a careers are related to this deviant behavior?

16. http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/emotion/cheating.html • Deviance --Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Deviance http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/dog/obed.htm --Examples of deviants: deviance: alcoholics cheating gamblers nose picking mentally ill no clothes http://www.helpmeharlan.com/nakedroommate/blog/?p=17

17. Deviance Figure 8.1: College Binge Drinking

18. Social Control techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. • i.e. Sanctions • penalties and rewards for conduct http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanking http://www.focusas.com/PeerInfluence.html Government Family & peers All play a role http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Deviance

19. http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/interviews/pictures/raised_eyebrow.gifhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/interviews/pictures/raised_eyebrow.gif • Informal Social Control --Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as --Informal social control includes: smiles, laughter, ridicule, raising an eyebrow http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control • Formal Social Control --Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers https://whatisyourdeviantbehavior.wordpress.com/2014/12/07/image-deviance/

20. http://vcedeviance.weebly.com/social-control-theory.html

21. Roles- Look at the current event you have been given • What is deviant about it? • How would you respond given your group’s role? • Parents • Peer group • College administrator • Government • Why does this deviance exit? (use theoretical perspectives beginning on p. 152) • Does this deviant behavior rise to the level of a crime? If so, what types is it? • What a careers are related to this deviant behavior?

22. Table 7-2 Sociological Perspectives on Deviance https://essayshark.com/blog/sociology-research-paper-on-deviance/ • Functionalist perspective • Anomie approach, Émile Durkheim and Robert Merton: emphasis on adaptation to societal norms • Interactionist perspective • Cultural transmission/differential association, Edwin Sutherland: patterns learned through others • Social disorganization, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: importance of communal relationships • Labeling/social constructionist, Howard Becker and William Chambliss: societal responses to acts, not acts themselves • Conflict perspective • Conflict approach, Richard Quinney: dominance by authorized agents; application of discretionary justice • Conflict/feminist perspective • Feminist approach, Freda Adler and Meda Chesney-Lind: role of gender; women as victims and perpetrators http://info.sharedvaluesolutions.com/blog/tackling-complex-social-problems-through-positive-deviance

23. ideas • Crime: • Me Attachment Theory- How our parents treat us as children determines relationships later https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=S5fUIuCLCgs • Lorena Bobbit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubhFYP6N2sw

24. Law and Society • Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws • Law: governmental social control • Law reflects continually changing standards of what is right and wrong, how violations are determined, and what sanctions apply • Example: legalization of marijuana • Control theory: connection to members of society leads people to systematically conform to society’s norms

25. Roles- Look at the current event you have been given • What is deviant about it? • How would you respond given your group’s role? • Parents • Peer group • College administrator • Government • Why does this deviance exit? (use theoretical perspectives beginning on p. 152) • Does this deviant behavior rise to the level of a crime? If so, what types is it? • Can Deviance be good? • What a careers are related to this deviant behavior?

26. Crime is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. • Professional Crime: Crime pursued as a person’s day-to-day occupation. Forcible Rape0.8% MotorVehicleTheft10.0% Murder0.1% Robbery3.5% Aggravatedassault7.8% Burglary17.7% Larceny-theft60.0% http://www.addictionca.com/illegal-drugs.htm http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ http://www.abacon.com/sociology/soclinks/deviance.html Crime • Victimless Crimes: The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. • White Collar Crime: crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities. 1Due to rounding,the percentages donot add to 100.0 percent. Crime Index Offenses: Percent Distribution 2000 Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

27. Crime OneViolent Crimeevery 22.1seconds OneMurderevery 33.9minutes OneForcible Rapeevery 5.8minutes OneRobberyevery 1.3minutes OneAggravatedAssault every 34.6seconds The Crime Clock shouldbe viewed with care. Themost aggregaterepresentation of UCRdata, it conveys theannual reported crimeexperience by showinga relative frequencyof occurrence of Indexoffenses. It should notbe taken to imply aregularity in the commission of crime.The Crime Clock represents the annualration of crime to fixedtime intervals. OneAggravatedAssault every 34.6seconds OneCrime IndexOffenseevery 2.7 seconds OneBurglaryevery 15.4seconds OneProperty Crimeevery 3.1seconds OneMotor VehicleTheft every 27.1seconds OneLarceny-theftevery 4.5seconds Crime Clock Source: U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. Crime in the United States 2000. Figure 2-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm.

28. https://revisesociology.com/crime-deviance-sociology-revise/

29. Career Exploration: Prison Reform

30. https://lynnieheffner.wordpress.com/2018/09/06/white-house-looks-to-reshape-criminal-justice-system-in-us/https://lynnieheffner.wordpress.com/2018/09/06/white-house-looks-to-reshape-criminal-justice-system-in-us/

31. Deviance Figure 8.2: A New Form of Deviance: Digital Piracy

32. But can Deviance be a good thing? Milgram wanted to better understand German involvement in the annihilation of Jews in World War II https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/stanley-milgram

33. Conformity going along with one's peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior. • Solomon Asch • Research demonstrates that people may conform to attitudes and behavior of peers even when it means expressing intolerance towards others. • Lefkowitz • Conformity and Obedience http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity_(psychology) • Obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth101/stanley_milgram_experiment.htm

34. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth101/stanley_milgram_experiment.htmhttp://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth101/stanley_milgram_experiment.htm

35. Stanley Milgram • 4 minutes • Video: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM • What does this say about obedience? • Who are the players, obedience to whom? • What does this say about social control?

36. Milgram’s Results People will obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior may harm another individual Source: Kendall

37. Conformity and Obedience (Continued) • Reflecting on the Milgram Experiment • Two-thirds of participants fell into category of “obedient subjects” • People in modern industrial world accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures • Recent replications of experiment confirm findings

38. Social Control • Conformity and Obedience • Why do we obey and conform? • Can’t we think for ourselves? • Reframe the question: Why don’t we deviate?

39. Figure 7-1 The Status of Medical Marijuana Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington (states in green), along with the District of Columbia, have legalized marijuana as far as their laws apply in light of federal penalties. Thirty-four other states authorize use for a wide range of medical purposes subject to federal cooperation. Twelve states (Arkansas, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, and West Virginia) have no provision for legalization or medical use. Federal law still prohibits doctors from writing prescriptions for marijuana, and pharmacies from distributing the substance. Although patients can still be prosecuted by the federal government for possessing or using marijuana, the Obama administration stopped prosecuting medical marijuana users who comply with state laws. Source: NORML 2015.

40. Sociological Perspectives on Deviance • Why do people violate social norms? • Early explanations blamed supernatural causes or genetic factors (“bad blood”) • Sociologists critical of emphasis on genetic roots of crime and deviance

41. Beyond here FYI

42. Functionalist Perspective • Durkheim’s Legacy • Punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior and contribute to stability • Erikson illustrated boundary-maintenance function of deviance • Anomie: loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

43. Functionalist Perspective (Continued) • Merton’s Theory of Deviance • Anomie theory of deviance: five basic forms of adaptation • Conformity • Retreatism • Innovation • Ritualism • Rebellion

44. Table 7-1 Merton’s Deviance TheorySource: Adapted by Richard T. Schaefer, from Chapter VI, “Social Structure and Anomie,” in Merton 1968. • Does the individual accept (1) the goals of society and (2) the use of acceptable means to achieve those goals? • Conformist (nondeviant): accepts both the goals of society and the use of acceptable means (yes; yes) • Retreatist: withdraws from both the goals of society and the use of acceptable means to achieve them (no; no) • Innovator: accepts the goals of society, but pursues them with means considered improper (yes; no) • Ritualist: abandons the goals, but becomes compulsively committed to the institutional means (no; yes) • Rebel: feels alienated from both the goals of society and the dominant means of achieving them (no; no)

45. Interactionist Perspective • Cultural Transmission • People learn how to behave, whether properly or improperly, in social situations • Cultural transmission: school of criminology that argues that humans learn criminal behavior by interacting with others • Differential association: process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules (Edwin Sutherland)

46. Interactionist Perspective (Continued) • Social Disorganization Theory • Social disorganization theory: crime and deviance caused by absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions • Family, school, church, local government • Some critics argue theory seems to “blame the victim”

47. Labeling Perspective • Labeling theory: attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not • Also called the societal-reaction approach • Reminds us that the response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance • Example: “troublemaker” versus “learning-disabled”

48. Labeling Perspective (Continued) • Labeling and Agents of Social Control • Labeling theory focuses on police, probation officers, psychiatrists, judges, teachers, employers, school officials, and other regulators of social control • Play significant role in creating deviant identity by designating certain people (and not others) as deviant • Example: racial profiling • Social constructionist perspective: deviance a product of the culture we live in

49. Conflict Perspective • People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs • Lawmaking an attempt by powerful to coerce others into their morality • Contends the entire criminal justice system in the United States treats suspects differently based on race, ethnicity, or social class • Differential justice: differences in way social control is exercised over different groups

50. Feminist Perspective • Adler and Chesney-Lind suggest existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with only men in mind • Great effort undertaken by feminist organizations to change legal definitions of rape • Feminist scholarship expected to grow in the area of deviance