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Evolution

Explore the concept of evolution and how it relates to beliefs in God. Discover the evidence for natural selection, variation in offspring, and the role of competition. Learn about scientific disciplines like paleontology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology that provide evidence for evolution.

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Evolution

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  1. Evolution BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

  2. Evolution • Changes in a population over time

  3. Does the idea of evolution contradict a belief in God? • Many scientists of all religious faiths believe in both. • Some people feel evolution contradicts the literal interpretation of the Bible.

  4. Earths Position in the Universe • 400 years ago the general public thought that the earth was the center of the universe • Sun revolves around the earth • The earth does not move

  5. Galileo and Corpernicus • Demonstrated scientific evidence that the sun is at the center of our solar system and the earth moves around the sun

  6. Galileo and the Church • Religious leaders felt the heliocentric theory (sun at the center) was a direct contradiction to the literal interpretation of the Bible • Galileo found guilty of heresy

  7. Copernican System (Heliocentral Theory) • Did not destroy peoples belief in God • Public now accepts the overwhelming evidence for the heliocentric theory

  8. Theory of Evolution • Science has overwhelming evidence that all life is constantly evolving

  9. Charles Darwin 1809-1882

  10. HMS Beagle 1831-1836

  11. Ostrich in Africa Rhea in South America

  12. Adaptive Radiation

  13. Land Iquana

  14. Marine Iquana

  15. Different Tortoises on Each Island

  16. Origin of Species 1859

  17. Natural Selection • One mechanism of evolution • Main concepts of natural selection • Overproduction of offspring • Inherited variation in offspring • Competition • Best adapted in a given environment survive and reproduce to increase their kind • They are naturally selected

  18. Overproduction of Offspring • Elephants (very slow reproductive rate) • If all the offspring of one elephant pair survive and all their offspring survive then: • 750 years = 19,000,000 elephants • 1200 years = Enough elephants to cover the earth! • Beetles • A handful that weighs 10 mg each • 82 weeks • 61,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ton • The weight of the earth!

  19. Variation of Offspring • Offspring of the same parents are different from each other

  20. Competition • Since more individuals are born than can survive for an extended period of time, they compete for resources • Food • Living space • Mates

  21. Best adapted to a given environment are selected to survive • Brown bears • Adapted to survive in Oklahoma • Polar bears • Adapted to survive in Alaska

  22. Artificial Selection Collie Sheltie

  23. Natural Selection of Flies

  24. Natural Selection

  25. Scientific Disciplines That Give Evidence for Evolution • Paleontology • Comparative anatomy • Biogeography • Molecular biology • Others

  26. Paleontology • Study of fossils • Allows us to see anatomical similarities between living species and organisms that lived in the past • Allows us to see how life has changed over time

  27. Life Has Changed • Millions of species have been found that are different from life today

  28. Horse Evolution

  29. 50 MYA 30 MYA 15 MYA Modern 50 Million Years of Change

  30. Florida Museum of Natural History

  31. Whale evolultion

  32. Comparative Anatomy

  33. Homologous Structures

  34. Analogous Structures

  35. Biogeography

  36. Why No Polar Bears in Antarctica or No Penguins in Arctic?

  37. Why marsupials in Australia?

  38. Molecular Biology • The study of the molecules of life including DNA and proteins

  39. DNA Similarity

  40. Homeobox or HOX • First discovered in fruit flies in 1983 • Later found in mice, man and other organisms • Controls embryonic development of different body regions

  41. Evolution of New Body Plan • Hox gene Ubx of crustacean mutated in lab • Caused suppression of leg development • Mechanism for evolution of insect body plan 400 MYA

  42. Homeobox genes

  43. Comparing DNA • Human DNA compared to: • Chimpanzee 99% same • Gorilla 97.7% same • Orangutan 96.3% same • Another human 99.9% same

  44. Comparing Protein Sequences • Many proteins in all of man are identical • Organ transplants require similar proteins in the donor and the recipient • A sibling or parent is often the best source for an organ transplant

  45. Which would be the closest protein match for an organ transplant?Assuming all are alive and healthy. • A persons father • A persons great grandfather • A persons 10th great grandfather

  46. Molecular Clock • The further you go back in time, the more proteins (and DNA) are different. • Differences in protein sequences and DNA can be used to estimate time when two species shared a common ancestor

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