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Ecosystems

Ecosystems. Chapter 43. Ecosystem. An association of organisms and their physical environment, interconnected by ongoing flow of energy and a cycling of materials. Modes of Nutrition. Autotrophs Capture sunlight or chemical energy Producers Heterotrophs

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Ecosystems

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  1. Ecosystems Chapter 43

  2. Ecosystem An association of organisms and their physical environment, interconnected by ongoing flow of energy and a cycling of materials

  3. Modes of Nutrition • Autotrophs • Capture sunlight or chemical energy • Producers • Heterotrophs • Extract energy from other organisms or organic wastes • Consumers, decomposers, detritivores

  4. Consumers • Herbivores • Carnivores • Parasites • Omnivores • Decomposers • Detritivores

  5. Trophic Levels • All the organisms at a trophic level are the same number of steps away from the energy input into the system • Producers are closest to the energy input and are the first trophic level

  6. Trophic Levels in Prairie Fourth-level consumers (heterotrophs): Top carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers 5th Third-level consumers (heterotrophs): 4th Carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers Second-level consumers (heterotrophs): 3rd Carnivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers First-level consumers (heterotrophs): 2nd Herbivores, parasites, detritivores, decomposers Primary producers (autotrophs): 1st Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

  7. Food Chain MARSH HAWK • A straight line sequence of who eats whom • Simple food chains are rare in nature UPLAND SANDPIPER GARTER SNAKE CUTWORM

  8. FoodWeb

  9. Energy Losses • Energy transfers are never 100 percent efficient • Some energy is lost at each step • Limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem

  10. Biomass Pyramid third-level carnivores (gar, large-mouth bass) Biomasspyramid 1.5 second-level consumers (fishes, invertebrates) 1.1 first-level consumers (herbivorous fishes, turtles, invertebrates) 37 decomposers, detritivores (bacteria, crayfish) primary producers (algae, eelgrass, rooted plants) 809 5

  11. Biological Magnification A nondegradable or slowly degradable substance becomes more and more concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels of a food web

  12. Pyramid of Energy Flow • 10% passed on to next level top carnivores 21 carnivores decomposers detritivores 383 herbivores 3,368 producers 20,810 kilocalories/square meter/year

  13. All Heat in the End • At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used in metabolism • This energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem • Eventually, all energy is released as heat

  14. volcanic action photosynthesis TERRESTRIAL ROCKS weathering Carbon Cycle diffusion Atmosphere Bicarbonate, carbonate Terrestrial Rocks Land Food Webs Marine food webs Soil Water Peat, Fossil Fuels Marine Sediments

  15. Carbon in the Oceans • Most carbon in the ocean is dissolved carbonate and bicarbonate • Ocean currents carry dissolved carbon

  16. Carbon in Atmosphere • Atmospheric carbon is mainly carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide is added to atmosphere • Aerobic respiration, volcanic action, burning fossil fuels • Removed by photosynthesis

  17. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse gases impede the escape of heat from Earth’s surface

  18. Global Warming • Long-term increase in the temperature of Earth’s lower atmosphere

  19. Carbon Dioxide Increase • Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally • The average level is steadily increasing • Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are contributing to the increase

  20. Other Greenhouse Gases • CFCs - synthetic gases used in plastics and in refrigeration • Methane - produced by termites and bacteria • Nitrous oxide - released by bacteria, fertilizers, and animal wastes

  21. Effects of Global Warming • Global Climate Changes = More Storms & More Violent Storms • Drought & Regional Weather Changes • Melting of Glaciers and Polar Ice Caps • Rise in Sea Level

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