State of Art: Biometrics and Beyond

State of Art: Biometrics and Beyond Bill Willis November 2014

Outline • What is a Biometric? • History • Why are they important? • Where are they used today? • Do Biometrics work? • What are the issues to Adoption? • Consumers • Where is the Technology headed? • Examples • Questions

1/4/2020 What is a Biometric? • Biometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics and traits. Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication)[note 1] is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control.[1] It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance. • Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals.[2] Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics.[3]Physiological characteristics are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina and odour/scent. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to typing rhythm, gait, and voice.[note 2] Some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics to describe the latter class of biometrics.[4] • More traditional means of access control include token-based identification systems, such as a driver's license or passport, and knowledge-based identification systems, such as a password or personal identification number.[2] Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns about the ultimate use of this information.[2][5]

1/4/2020 History • Fingerprints : 1890’s • In 1863, Paul-Jean Coulier (1824–1890), professor for chemistry and hygiene at the medical and pharmaceutical school of the Val de Grâce military hospital in Paris, discovered that iodine fumes can reveal fingerprints on paper.[65] • In 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds, a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital, published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature, discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing a method to record them with printing ink. He also established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial.[66] Returning to the UK in 1886, he offered the concept to the Metropolitan Police in London but it was dismissed at that time.[67] Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin with a description of his method but, too old and ill to work on it, Darwin gave the information to his cousin, Francis Galton, who was interested in anthropology. Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years, Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints. He had calculated that the chance of a "false positive" (two different individuals having the same fingerprints) was about 1 in 64 billion.[68]

1/4/2020 History • Facial Recognition: 1960’s – • Pioneers of automated facial recognition include Woody Bledsoe, Helen Chan Wolf, and Charles Bisson. • During 1964 and 1965, Bledsoe, along with Helen Chan and Charles Bisson, worked on using the computer to recognize human faces (Bledsoe 1966a, 1966b; Bledsoe and Chan 1965). He was proud of this work, but because the funding was provided by an unnamed intelligence agency that did not allow much publicity, little of the work was published. Given a large database of images (in effect, a book of mug shots) and a photograph, the problem was to select from the database a small set of records such that one of the image records matched the photograph. The success of the method could be measured in terms of the ratio of the answer list to the number of records in the database. Bledsoe (1966a) described the following difficulties: • “ This recognition problem is made difficult by the great variability in head rotation and tilt, lighting intensity and angle, facial expression, aging, etc. Some other attempts at facial recognition by machine have allowed for little or no variability in these quantities. Yet the method of correlation (or pattern matching) of unprocessed optical data, which is often used by some researchers, is certain to fail in cases where the variability is great. In particular, the correlation is very low between two pictures of the same person with two different head rotations. • Iris Recognition: 1980’s – • Although John Daugman developed and patented the first actual algorithms to perform iris recognition, published the first papers about it and gave the first live demonstrations, the concept behind this invention has a much longer history and today it benefits from many other active scientific contributors. In a 1953 clinical textbook, F.H. Adler[2] wrote: "In fact, the markings of the iris are so distinctive that it has been proposed to use photographs as a means of identification, instead of fingerprints." Adler referred to comments by the British ophthalmologist J.H. Doggart,[3] who in 1949 had written that: "Just as every human being has different fingerprints, so does the minute architecture of the iris exhibit variations in every subject examined. [Its features] represent a series of variable factors whose conceivable permutations and combinations are almost infinite." Later in the 1980s, two American ophthalmologists, L. Flom and A. Safir managed to patent Adler's and Doggart's conjecture that the iris could serve as a human identifier, but they had no actual algorithm or implementation to perform it and so their patent remained conjecture

History: Fingerprints A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.[1] The recovery of fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Fingerprints are easily deposited on suitable surfaces (such as glass or metal or polished stone) by the natural secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands that are present in epidermal ridges. In a wider use of the term, fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human or other primatehand. A print from the foot can also leave an impression of friction ridges. Deliberate impressions of fingerprints may be formed by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card.[2] Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, although fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers. Human fingerprints are detailed, unique, difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity and may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved.[3] This means that many criminals consider gloves essential.[4][5]

1/4/2020 History: Iris Recognition Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex random patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance. Iris recognition uses video camera technology with subtle near infrared illumination to acquire images of the detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris which are visible externally. Digital templates encoded from these patterns by mathematical and statistical algorithms allow the identification of an individual or someone pretending to be that individual.[1] Databases of enrolled templates are searched by matcher engines at speeds measured in the millions of templates per second per (single-core) CPU, and with remarkably low false match rates.

1/4/2020 History: Facial Recognition Most current facial recognition systems work with numeric codes called faceprints. Such systems identify 80 nodal points on a human face. In this context, nodal points are end points used to measure variables of a person’s face, such as the length or width of the nose, the depth of the eye sockets and the shape of the cheekbones. These systems work by capturing data for nodal points on a digital image of an individual’s face and storing the resulting data as a faceprint. The faceprint can then be used as a basis for comparison with data captured from faces in an image or video.

1/4/2020 Why are Biometrics Important? • A person’s identity is not well defended in today’s world • There are only 3 choices to define and confirm Identity: • Something you Know: Password, Challenge Question • Something you Have: ID Card, Drivers License • Something you Are: Face, Eye, Fingers • Something you Know can be compromised • Something you Have can be Stolen / Duplicated • Spoofing of a Biometric is quite difficult.

1/4/2020 Where are Biometrics Used Today? Travelling Driving Voting Healthcare Social Services / Benefits National Registries Law Enforcement Military / Defense Intelligence Social Media Smart Phone Apps

1/4/2020 Do Biometrics Work? • In order to make a solution work, it needs • Standards – National / International • Image based interaction • Identity based decisioning • Devices • Usability • Algorithm(s) • Interoperability • Capability versus Price • Identity versus Verify (1:N versus 1:1) • The Answer is YES, they work for Identification

1/4/2020 What are the Issues to Adoption? Privacy Concerns Price Usability Speed Fixed, Portable, Mobile Understanding the Barriers versus the Benefits

1/4/2020 Consumers • Biometrics are used already, use just did not know it. • Shopping Patterns • Public Surveillance • Social Media • Smartphones • The promise of unique identity is becoming mainstream • Virginia Law: iPhone unlock for a criminal w/Fingerprint • How do I ‘Opt Out’ • Face and Fingers so far • Why not Voice?

1/4/2020 Where is the Technology Headed? Faster: Acquisition of Images, Quality of Images, Optics Cheaper: Sensors, Lenses, Devices, Algorithms, Solutions Adoption: Shrinking the Outlyer Population Multi-Biometric Single Gesture Acquisition

1/4/2020 Examples. I brought some examples to touch and try.

1/4/2020 Questions. Ask Away.

Thank You for Your Time!!!

State of Art: Biometrics and Beyond