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The Second World War

The Second World War. Questions. What was the Holocaust? Why did another world war break out in Europe and in the Pacific in the late 1930s Why did the Allies win WWII? What innovations in warfare were introduced in WWII? How did WWII differ from WWI on the front lines and behind the lines?.

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The Second World War

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  1. The Second World War

  2. Questions • What was the Holocaust? • Why did another world war break out in Europe and in the Pacific in the late 1930s • Why did the Allies win WWII? • What innovations in warfare were introduced in WWII? • How did WWII differ from WWI on the front lines and behind the lines?

  3. Attitudes toward Germany • British: Anti-war and willing to be more lenient to Germans • French: bitterly hostile to Germans but unwilling to risk slow-growing population on war • USSR: suspicious of all western powers, feared that capitalist nations would gang up on the USSR • U.S.: felt duped by Europe and was unwilling to involve itself in European affairs: isolationism Stresemann and Briand

  4. Axis: The Aggressors • Japan: Seizes Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) • Italy: Invades Ethiopia (1935) and Albania (1939) • Germany: Violates Treaty of Versailles *Increase and re-arm military force (1935) * Re-take territories, such as the Rhineland (buffer- zone) (1936) * Expand borders (Lebensraum) by annexing Austria (1938) and Czechoslovakia (1939) Axis powers formed November 1936

  5. Toward World War • 1936 Germany moved troops into the Rhineland, in violation of Treaty of Versailles • March 1938: Germany annexed Austria • Late 1938: Czech. crisis • Sudetenland (3 million Germans) • Munich Conference 1938 • March 1939: Hitler annexed Czechoslovakia • Appeasement (Give in to an aggressor) GB and France • August 23, 1939 German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact • The Danzig Corridor (Poland) Chamberlain and Hitler at Munich

  6. Axis: The Agressors Italy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdw-10s3GBA Japan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ikymeClEBc Germany: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpxdYTNkbe4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXJ1d19dCTk

  7. International Policy Collective Security: • the idea that countries acting together (League of Nations)could discourage aggression and, if necessary, act together to stop aggressors • Not effective as League of Nations could not agree on common policy Appeasement: • The making of concessions to an aggressor to avoid war • Not effective as it strengthened Hitler’s power within Germany and shifted the international power of balance *Hitler admitted he would have backed down if France and Britain challenged Germany

  8. DBQ Assignment • Step 1: Read the 9 documents *Group into “Pro-Collective Security” or “Pro-Appeasement” *Summarize each document (answer ?’s) • Step 2: Developing an argument *Intro Paragraph (thesis) *Body Paragraph- Supporting thesis (Evidence X3) * Body Paragraph- Counter-argument (Evidence X2) • Step 3: Write 1 paragraph either: pro-appeasement or pro-collective security

  9. DBQ Assignment Analyzing a Primary Source: • When/Where was this source created? • Who createdthe source? • What was the purpose of the source? • Why was the source created? *Think: Why is this source important to history?

  10. Outbreak of War in Europe • Aug 23, 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact • Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland • Poland partitioned according to terms of Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact • ‘Blitzkrieg’= Lightning War • Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany (b/c of Poland ) • Through May 1940, Britain and France mustered troops in France… “Sitzkrieg” or “Phony War” • May 1940, German armies attacked through Belgium; France fell June, 1940

  11. Hitler’s War • Battle of Britain, Summer 1940 (Ends May 1941) -Hitler can be defeated! • Jan 1941 Germans.Italians entered war in N. Africa - Devastating for Italians • War in the Balkans (1940) • June 1941 (March 1943) Hitler invaded Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa); 500 miles in 1 Week • At outskirts of Moscow by winter, Soviets burn everything as they retreat. Remember? (500,00 Germans die) • Dec. 1941, Germany declared war on U.S. (Atlantic Charter-freedom of trade) • Nov. 1942 • U.S. landed in Africa • S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad

  12. The Second World War in Europe

  13. The Collapse of Nazi Germany • Nov. 1942 • U.S. landed in Africa • S.U. counterattack at Stalingrad • The Battle of Stalingrad (Summer 1942- Winer 1943): • Germany reaches Stalingrad and then Soviets counter attack. It’s winter time and Germany soldiers are in their summer uniforms. Hitler says no retreat. Scorched earth policy worked again. Germany gains nothing, loses 300,000. • http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-stalingrad *Russian troops & winter are KEY • 1943-1945 Italian Campaign, Allies are coming from the south -North Africa (1943) then Italy (Rome on June 4, 1944); led by General Eisenhower (Supreme Commander of the Western Allied Forces in Europe)

  14. Fall of Mussolini Mussolini’s Military Weakness Mussolini’s Demise

  15. The Collapse of Nazi Germany • June 6, 1944 Normandy Invasion- D-Day (Operation Overlord, Eisenhower) *Allied Invasion of France • July – August 1944: Allied Powers have liberated France (Paris), Belgium and Luxemburg; set sights on Germany • Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944 http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-the-bulge *Final German Offensive/Attack American General George Patton

  16. Pictures from the Past http://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/2014/apr/image-opacity-slider-master/index.html?ww2-dday

  17. Germany’s Unconditional Surrender • 6 Million Soviet-3 Million Allies head to Berlin… European War rapidly draws to an end • April 25, 1945: Soviets surround Berlin • April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitler/videos/hitlers-remains • May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered Alfred Jordl signs German surrender

  18. Yalta Conference: February, 1945 • FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war. • Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany. • Churchill wants strong Germany as bufferagainst Stalin. • FDR arguesfor a ‘United Nations’. • Potsdam Conference, July 1945: Germany divided into 4 Zones (Truman)

  19. Breaking up Germany

  20. Outbreak of War in Asia • Emperor Hirohito wants to create empire in the Pacific. - Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) • July 1940 U.S. Embargo • Aviation fuel and scrap metal • July 1941- Embargo on oil • Japan is planning attacks on Southeast Asian colonies (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong, Guam) and Hawaii Should this be the tipping point for America????

  21. Isolationism NO More • Dec. 7 1941 Japan attacks U.S. Pearl Harbor, “A day that will go down in infamy.” FDR • Yamamoto vs. Mac Arthur -Mastermind of Japanese naval strategy vs. Mastermind of Allied Forces military strategy (island hopping)

  22. Pearl Harbor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jU3kvXOI5B8

  23. Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead!

  24. President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DcDmd11Gh8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7hc0oyEfgE

  25. FDR’s Speech Discussion Question’s 1. We heard President Roosevelt describe the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor as “a day that will live in infamy….” Infamy means disgrace, dishonor, or great wickedness. What do you think were the various emotions of Americans in the first hours and days after they heard the news of the attack? 2 . How do you think young Americans your age reacted to the news of Pearl Harbor? In what ways did the coming of WWII to the United States affect students your age? 3. Most Americans who experienced the Pearl Harbor attack remember to this day where they were when they heard the news. To them it is a shared generational moment. The same can be said of people who experienced President John Kennedy or Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassinations. Do you think you have experienced a historical moment that you will always remember? Do you think the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States will be such a memory?

  26. War Effort Civilians: • Worked in War Industries • Rationed goods • Scrap metal devices Legislation: • Americans are relocated to internment camps -falsely labeled as enemies due to Ancestry http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/japanese-internment-in-america?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Does this sound familiar?

  27. Japanese forces Invade China 1931. By 1942 they control Philippines, Guam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Dutch East Indies. (S.E. Asian colonies fall)

  28. A Different Theatre The Japanese military and civilians were much harder to break: • Kamikazes: Japanese suicide pilots who would sink Allied ships by crash-diving their planes -dishonorable to surrender http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/kamikaze-pilots Lt. John Spainhower: “ The [Japanese] hated scouts… Anyway, they took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.” *How is fighting the Japanese in Asia tougher than fighting the Axis Forces in Europe?

  29. The War in Asia • Air Raid on Japan (April 1942)- Lt. James Doolittle • Proved Japan was vulnerable to attack • Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) - Halted Japanese advance into Australia • Battle of Midway (June 4-7 1942) Turned the war in the Pacific against the Japanese -332 Japanese planes & all 4 aircraft carriers destroyed -1st time ships are used to launch aircrafts for a battle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16P5gfoXNMU

  30. Island Hopping • “Island Hopping” (Douglas MacArthur) • “Island Hop” past Japanese strongholds to less defended islands • Allows Allied Forces to “pick and choose” their battles • Aug. 1942-Feb 1943 Guadalcanal -Japanese lose 24,000 of a force of 36,000 on the “Island of Death.” - 1st time island hopping strategy is used

  31. Island Hopping After Guadalcanal, Japanese advances had been Stopped • Oct. 1944 Philippines invaded -MacArthur: “ People of the Philippine's, I have returned.” -Disastrous outcome: Japan risked almost entire Navy fleet • Feb 19-March 16 1945: Iwo Jima (760 Miles from Tokyo) • March 10, 1945 Firebombing of Tokyo http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/battle-iwo-jima?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false • Okinawa (350 Miles) April1–June 21 -Japanese lose 100,00 troops; Americans 12,000 • Next stop, Japan… -Land invasion of Japan could cost half a Million Allied lives

  32. Bringing the War to an End • Truman warns Japan on July 16 • Why use the atomic bomb? -Truman wanted quick end to war http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/manhattan-project?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false • Aug. 6 and 9 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki • September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders (V-J Day) http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history/videos/atomic-bomb?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

  33. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 • 70,000 killed immediately • 48,000 buildings. destroyed. • 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

  34. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 • 40,000 killed immediately • 60,000 injured. • 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

  35. Bringing the War to an End September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders (V-J Day) • New Japanese Constitution -efforts led by MacArthur • Japanese Emperor has power reduced -Insisted upon by the allies

  36. New elements in warfare • Tanks: Presence on battlefield prevented WWII from turning into into the hopeless stalemate of WWI • Strategic Bombing: Use of large aircraft to knock out enemy industries and bomb enemy civilians • Atomic Bomb: Forced Japan to surrender in Sept. 1945. The Ruins of Dresden

  37. Military Aircraft Production, in thousands of Planes

  38. Consequences of War • Estimated 45-55 million dead • Soviet Union lost 27 million • Poland lost 6 million, incl. 3 million Jews • Germans lost 5 million • Germans killed between 12 and 20 million in their zones of occupation • Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 occupation zones • European economy was devastated • U.S. ended war with 1/2 of the manufacturing capability on Earth Postwar Berlin

  39. The Nuremberg War Trials:Crimes Against Humanity Addresses Holocaust

  40. Total War • “Civilians must have the war brought home to them. Every individual must be made to see the immediacy of the danger to him. . . . He must be made to understand that he is an integral part of the war front, and that if he loses the war, he loses everything.” • Government Information Manual for the Motion Picture Industry U.S. Office of War Information

  41. Total War • Warfare in the industrial era meant that to fight and win, nations had to mobilize their entire population • Soldiers fought on front lines • Workers manned factories to make weapons • Farmers fed the soldiers and workers • Industrialization made it possible for the state to direct the entire economy toward the war effort • Civilians were regarded as legitimate casualties of war, since civilians manned factories, made weapons, and kept armies supplied

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