COURSE OUTCOMES OF Microprocessor and programming

1. COURSE OUTCOMES OF Microprocessor and programming Visit for more Learning Resources

2. CHAPTER 1 Basics OF Microprocessor

3. Organization of A Microprocessor-based System (Computer) • CPU – Central Processing Unit • Memory • ROM – Read Only Memory • RAM – Random Access Memory • I/O • Keyboard • Display Device • Clock – Square Wave Oscillator (Timing) • System Bus

4. Microprocessor (CPU) • Programmable integrated device (silicon chip) that has computing & decision making capabilities • Communicates & operates in binary numbers 0 & 1, called bits • Has a fixed set of instructions in the form of binary patterns – machine language • Difficult for humans to remember machine language – each instruction is represented using abbreviated names (mnemonics)

5. Word length 1 word instruction 2 word instruction address Memory • Symbolic representation • Word: no. of bits micro-P recognizes and processes at a time ( 4 - 64bit ). • Instruction: combination of bit patterns with specific meaning known to micro-P. • Program: Set of all instructions.

6. I/O • Microprocessor’s connection to the outside world • Input: Keyboard, mouse • Output: Monitor, printer

7. System Bus – wires connecting memory & I/O to microprocessor • Address Bus • Unidirectional • Identifying peripheral or memory location • Data Bus • Bidirectional • Transferring data • Control Bus • Synchronization signals • Timing signals • Control signal

8. Actions performed by microprocessor: • CPU – Memory • CPU – I/O • Data Processing • Arithmetic operations • Logical operations • Control • Jump • Interrupts

9. Differences between: • Microcomputer – a computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O etc. • Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes ALU, register circuits & control circuits • Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single package. Basic Concepts of Microprocessors

10. Differences between: • High level language • Assembly language • Machine language

11. Architecture of Intel 8085 Microprocessor

12. Microprocessor consists of: • Control unit: control microprocessor operations. • ALU: performs data processing function. • Registers: provide storage internal to CPU. • Interrupts • Internal data bus Intel 8085 Microprocessor

13. Registers • General Purpose Registers • B, C, D, E, H & L (8 bit registers) • Can be used singly • Or can be used as 16 bit register pairs • BC, DE, HL • H & L can be used as a data pointer (holds memory address) • Special Purpose Registers • Accumulator (8 bit register) • Store 8 bit data • Store the result of an operation • Store 8 bit data during I/O transfer

14. Flag Register • 8 bit register – shows the status of the microprocessor before/after an operation • S (sign flag), Z (zero flag), AC (auxillary carry flag), P (parity flag) & CY (carry flag) • Sign Flag • Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator • The sign flag is set if negative (1 – negative) • The sign flag is reset if positive (0 – positive)

15. Zero Flag • Is set if result obtained after an operation is 0 • Is set following an increment or decrement operation of that register Carry Flag • Is set if there is a carry or borrow from arithmetic operation 10110011 + 01001101 --------------- 1 00000000 1011 0101 + 0110 1100 --------------- Carry 1 0010 0001 1011 0101 - 1100 1100 --------------- Borrow 1 1110 1001

16. Auxillary Carry Flag • Is set if there is a carry out of bit 3 • Parity Flag • Is set if parity is even • Is cleared if parity is odd 1011 0101 + 0110 1100 --------------- 1 0010 0001

17. 16 – Bit Registers • Program Counter • A pointer to the next instruction to be executed • Contains the 16-bit memory address of the next instruction • Updated after processor has fetched the instruction • Stack Pointer • Stack – an area in memory in which temporary info is stored • Stack – FILO (First In Last Out) basis • Holds the address of the top of the stack

18. Instruction Register & Decoder • Instruction is stored in IR after fetched by processor • Decoder decodes instruction in IR Internal Clock generator • 3.125 MHz internally • 6.25 MHz externally Non Programmable Registers

19. BasicWorking of a Microprocessor • Instructions are stored sequentially in memory • Microprocessor • Fetches instruction from memory • Decodes instruction • Executes instruction

20. Maskable Interrupts • Microprocessor can ignore or delay interrupt request • INTR – General purpose interrupt • RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5 – Restart interrupts, higher priorities • Nonmaskable Interrupts • Enabled by default • Cannot be disabled • Microprocessor must respond to it immediately • TRAP – highest priority Interrupts of 8085 Microprocessor

21. Power supply and frequency signals Address bus signals Data bus signals Control and status signals Externally initiated signals & external signal acknowledgement Serial I/O port signals Grouping of Signals of 8085 Microprocessor

22. AD0-AD7, A8-A15 • 16 address lines – 2 sets • Most significant bits (A8-A15) – single directional • Least significant bits (AD0-AD7) – bidirectional • Multiplexed with the bits of bi-directional data bus • It is used as both address and data bus Address bus signals, Data bus signals

23. Status lines: • IO/M • Differentiate I/O and memory applications • High – I/O • Low – Memory • S1, S0 – status signals, to indicate the type of machine cycle in progress • Control lines: • RD, WR & INTA • RD – data on the data bus to be read into processor • WR – data on the data bus to be written to processor • INTA – acknowledge an INTR interrupt Control and status signals _ _ _ _ _

24. Initiated signals • Reset In – reset CPU • Hold – suspend CPU operation • Ready – CPU go into wait state, to sync with slower devices • Signal acknowledgement • Reset out – high once CPU is rest • HLDA – acknowledges hold signal Externally initiated signals & signal acknowledgement

27. 8085 Pin Diagram For more detail contact us