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(Lighting and) Solid-State Lighting: Science, Technology, Economic Perspectives

(Lighting and) Solid-State Lighting: Science, Technology, Economic Perspectives. Jeff Tsao Physical, Chemical & Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories. Acknowledgements Mike Coltrin Mary Crawford Yoshi Ohno Jerry Simmons Paul Waide Jon Wierer.

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(Lighting and) Solid-State Lighting: Science, Technology, Economic Perspectives

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  1. (Lighting and) Solid-State Lighting:Science, Technology, Economic Perspectives Jeff Tsao Physical, Chemical & Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories Acknowledgements Mike Coltrin Mary Crawford Yoshi Ohno Jerry Simmons Paul Waide Jon Wierer Work at Sandia National Laboratories was supported by Sandia’s Solid-State-Lighting Science Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA) Night arrives between Europe and Africa; digital composite of archived images taken by several Earth-orbiting satellites and ocean-faring ships; courtesy of NASA; http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030324.html

  2. 104.3 102.8 Artificial Lighting and Human Productivity Efficiency Consumption 0.72% = US$440B / US$60T 6.5% = 1 TWc / 16 TWc CoL ($/Mlmh) ≃CoE/η 105.4 101.5 104 103 CN 2005 CN 2006 JP+KR 2005 100% Efficiency AU+NZ 2005 WRLD-GRID 2005 OECD-EU 2005 SSL? 102 US 2001 FSU 2000 US 2001 JP+KR 2005 UK 2000 WRLD-DEV 2005 OECD-EU 2005 101 FSU 2000 CN 2006 103 CN 1993 UK 1950 CN 2005 HID Fluorescent Incandescent Luminous efficacy η (lm/We) 101 UK 2000 UK 1950 CN 1993 per capita consumption of light φ [Mlmh/(per-yr)] AU+NZ 2005 104 1 UK 1900 WRLD-UNDEV 1999 1 UK 1900 10-2 Gas Kerosene UK 1850 105 UK 1800 101 UK 1850 UK 1800 WRLD-NONGRID 1999 Candles 10-1 UK 1750 UK 1700 UK 1750 UK 1700 102 Tsao and Waide, “The World’s Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three Centuries and Six Continents,” to be submitted to LEUKOS Tsao and Waide, “The World’s Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three Centuries and Six Continents,” to be submitted to LEUKOS 10-5 10-2 10-5 10-2 101 104 1 101 102 103 104 105 β·gdp/CoL [Mlmh/(per-yr)] CoE ($/MWeh) $/Mlmh 0.0072 $/(per-yr)

  3. 800 Characteristics of“100%-Efficient” Lighting Human Eye Response (lm/W) 400 100 nm 0 CCT = 3,800K R9 = Ra/4 90 90 CRI 85 614 nm 459 nm 535 nm 573 nm Color Rendering Index (Ra) Color Rendering Index (Ra) 80 80 70 70 400 lm/W 60 60 300 350 400 450 0.37 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W) 0.23 0.24 1.0 Relative Power 0.18 0.5 All linewidths 1-nm FWHM 0 0.8 200 nm Relative Reflectances Munsell Samples 1-8 8 7 6 1 5 0.4 8 4 3 7 J.M. Phillips, et al, “Challenges to Ultra-Efficient SSL”, Laser & Photonics Reviews (2007). Calculations based on white LED simulator 5-3 (Y. Ohno, NIST). 2 0 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm)

  4. Efficiencies of Actual Lighting Technologies 600 Human eye response (lm/W) Human eye response (photopic) 400 200 0 All spectra normalized to 1W wallplug power 100%-Efficient SSL CCT 3,800K 400 lm/W 21%-Efficient Fluorescent CCT 3,500K 85 lm/W Courtesy of Lauren Rohwer 3.5%-Efficient Incandescent CCT 3,000K 14 lm/W 14%-Efficient 58 lm/W SSL Commercial Late-2009 Warm-White CCT 3,100K Driven at 0.7A

  5. Anatomy of State-of-Art Commercial SSL http://bobbymercerbooks.com ε = 14% η = 58 lm/W CRI = 85 CCT = 3,100K Spectral78% Phosphor/Package54% Internal quantum effic90% Stokes deficit 76% Scattering/absorption 80% Blue LED33% Joule 85% IQE at low power70% Droop at high power 70% Light extraction 80% 0.7A Thin-Film Flip Chip (TFFC) schematic courtesy of Jon Wierer 1 mm

  6. 1W LEDs 350 mA Technology Grand Challengesfor Luminous Efficacy Eliminate blue LED droop Narrow-linewidth shallow-red color conversion Fill in the red-yellow-green gap 3 2 1 Target: 200 A/cm2 456 535 573 614 456 614 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W) Human eye response 0.3 0.2 εIQE State-of-art LED 0.1 0 Spectral power distribution (W/nm) 1 Auger-like 0.1 Spontaneous Emission k (ns-1) Schockley-Read-Hall 0.01 Shockley-Read-Hall 0.001 Spontaneous Emission 0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 Wavelength (nm) Auger-like Courtesy of M. Krames, Philips-Lumileds J (A/cm2) Rate constants for 510nm LED, after UT Schwarz, “Emission of biased green quantum wells in time and wavelength domain,” SPIE Proc 7216, 7216U-1 (2009).

  7. What about Cost of Light? CoLcap is already ~CoLope/6, so ηis the key 2012 may be the beginning of “the transition” 100 100 2004.8 2011.8 2011.8 2008.3 2005.8 SSL 10 2007.2 Incandescent 10 0.35A 1:6 Ratio 0.7A 2008.5 Incandescent Fluorescent 2009.7 1 CoL= CoLcap + CoLope ($/Mlmh) 1.5A CoLcap= $Win/[η∙τ]($/Mlmh) HID Fluorescent 1 HID B LED↑ 0.1 Adapted from Navigant, “U.S. Lighting Market Characterization,” U.S. DOE (2002); and from JY Tsao, ME Coltrin, MH Crawford, JA Simmons, “SSL: An Integrated Human Factors, Technology and Economic Perspective,” Proc IEEE (to be published). Phosphors↑ Adapted from JY Tsao, ME Coltrin, MH Crawford, JA Simmons, “SSL: An Integrated Human Factors, Technology and Economic Perspective,” Proc IEEE (to be published). RGB “Perfect” SSL Perfect 0.1 0.01 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Year CoLope= CoE/η ($/Mlmh)

  8. Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA)

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