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Biological poisons

Explore different biological toxins including botulinum, tetanus, mycotoxins, and animal venoms. Learn about their effects, sources, and treatments.

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Biological poisons

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  1. Biological poisons The term toxin is reserved for any toxicant of biological origin. Toxin fall into several broad categories based on the organism that produce them. Bacteria Fungi: Mycotoxins Algae: Phycotoxins Plant: Phytotoxins Animal: Zootoxins

  2. BACTERIAL TOXIN Botulinum Toxin Neurotoxin proteins (Anaerobic condition) Clostridium botulinum. (A-G) The most acutely substance, with lethal dose 200-300 pg/kg (100 grams could kill most of human on earth) Botulism Toxin is composed of 2 polypeptide chains that are connected by a disulfide bond: Light chain 50-kD Heavy chain 100-kD

  3. Light chain of the toxin Protease enzyme (attack on Fusion protein) at neuromuscular junction, preventing neurotransmitter vesicles from anchoring to the membrane. Inhibit acetylcholine release Interferes with nerve impulses. Produce paralysis of muscles.

  4. Heavy chain of toxin Is important for targeting the toxin to specific types of axon terminals. Attaches the toxin to proteins on the surface of axon terminals so that it can be taken into neurons by endocytosis. Flaccid paralysis Treatment: Antitoxin antibodies

  5. BOTOX/DYSPORT

  6. Tetanus toxin Casual agent: Clostridium tetani. Greek (tetanos: Stretched, rigid). Neuromuscular toxin. Tetnospasmin or Spasmogenic toxin. “Lockjaw”

  7. Heavy chain 100-Kd Light chain 50-kD Interfere with protein vesicles Block the release of CNS inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA) CNS tetanic spasms of skeletal muscle TETNOSPASMIN

  8. Endotoxins Endotoxin is not secreted in soluble form by bacteria as are exotoxins but rather in chemical components in the cell wall of bacteria that is released when the bacteria lyses (e.g. LPS) Fever. Inflammation. Lowering of blood pressure. Septic shock

  9. Physiologic Action of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

  10. FUNGAL TOXIN Poison Mushrooms Mushroom toxins Amantin Coprine Gyromitrin Muscrine Orellanine Ibotenic acid

  11. Primary toxicity associated with the Mushroom Gastrointestinal Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal Cramping. Disulfiram like effects No symptoms unless alcohol is consumed with in 2-3 days. Neurotoxic Coma, Convulsion, Excitement, Depression. Cytotoxic Destruction of cells, especially liver and kideny

  12. MYCOTOXINS Aflatoxins(Produced by molds) Peanuts,corn,wheat,rice,dairy products ASPERGILLUS. Tropical & subtropical (Temperature, humidity high). Acute cases (Liver damage). Chronic cases associated with liver cancer. 108 people died from eating contaminated grains (India). Killed 100,000 turkeys that were eating moldy peanuts. Aflatoxins B1 is most potent HEPATOCARCINOGEN.

  13. Ergolines Contamination of rye by Calvicepspurpurea(Ergot fungus) Convulsive Symptoms(e.g., Painful seizures and spasms, diarrhea, Itching, headaches, nausea and vomiting) Central Nervous System Symptoms(e.g., hysteria, mania or psychosis). Gangrenous symptoms (e.g., dry gangrene due to vasoconstriction of distal structures, fingers and toes; weak peripheral pulse; loss of peripheral sensation; edema; ultimately death and loss of affected tissues).

  14. ANIMAL TOXINS SPIDER VENOM Widow spider (lactrodectusspp). Neurotoxic Latrodectism (Pain first at localized at lymph nodes,Nausea,hypertension,transiet tachycardia, bradycardia,profuse sweating, oliguria, cramps) Inject venom into skin (0.1mm) 0.002mg

  15. Brown recluse. • Cytotoxic • Hemolytic • 0.48mg/kg LD50 Brazilian wandering. 0.00061-0.00157mg/kg

  16. SCORPIONS 2,000 Species Neurotoxin Death stalker (L. quinquestriatus)

  17. SCORPIONS Parabuthus Androctonus Tityus

  18. Hymenopterans Insects Local tissue injury Systemic toxicity Anaphylactic response LD50 Honey bee (2.8mg/kg) Velvet ant (71mg/kg) Paper wasp (2.4mg/kg) Yellow jacket (3.5mg/kg) Fire ants (0.66mg/kg)

  19. Box Jellyfish 60 tentacles 5,000 nematocysts Treatment: vinegar, ice pack

  20. Mollusks Blue ringed octopus. Painlessly kill a human with in 5 min. Inject neuromuscular venom maculotoxin and tetrodotoxin. Cone snails. Conusgeographus (cigarette snail)

  21. OCTOPUS

  22. Shellfish Amnesic shellfish poisoning. Diarrheic shellfish poisoning. Neurotoxin shellfish poisoning. Paralytic shellfish poisoning.

  23. Amphibians Poison dart or “poison arrow” 100 toxins identified in the skin secretions of poison dart frogs (Dendrobates & Phyllobates). Phyllobates produce neurotoxin, batrachotoxin. LD50 . 50µg Some toads produce epinephrine, norepinephrine.

  24. Phyllobates

  25. Dendrobates

  26. Reptiles 3,500 species of snakes worldwide. Venomous snakes fall into six families: Elapidae Hydrophiidae Laticaudidae Viperidae Colubridae Crotalidae

  27. Elapidae(cobras, kraits, mambas, coral snakes)

  28. Hydrophiidae (sea snakes)

  29. Laticaudidae (sea kraits)

  30. Viperidae (old world vipers & adders)

  31. Colubridae (bloomslang&keelblack)

  32. Crotalidae(rattlesnakes,watermoccasins,copperheads,bushmaster)Crotalidae(rattlesnakes,watermoccasins,copperheads,bushmaster)

  33. Snake venom Poison is inhaled/ingested, venom is injected. Hemotoxic heart and cardiovascular system. Cytotoxic local damage. Neurotoxic brain and nervous system. Viperidae is hemotoxic and cytotoxic. Hydrophiidae and laticaudidaeneurotxic. Snake venom complex mixture.

  34. Snake venom Protein,peptide,inorganiccations,metals, Lipid,carbohydrates,amines,AA. Enzymes. The typical venom consist of 25 different enzymes. The most damaging is proteolytic enzyme (proteases,peptidases,proteinases,hydrolases).

  35. Antivenin First was described more than 100y ago. Horses, sheep exposed to graduated doses of venom until become hyper immunized Immunoglobulin. Animal derived antivenin have potential for hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. A cocktail of antivenins can be used against broad range of venoms.

  36. Antivenin

  37. Venom extractor

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