Project Goal : Investigate new states and novel phenomena in extreme conditions.

1. High Density Amorphous Ice Formed in No Man’s Land Choong-Shik Yoo, Washington State University, DMR 0854618 • Project Goal: Investigate new states and novel phenomena in extreme conditions. • Major findings in this year: • High density amorphous ice in no man’s land, signifying a kinetic control process. • Extended ionic phase of CO2 deep in Earth mantle conditions, indicating instability of CO covalent bonds at high density. • Pressure-induced metallization of CS2 - an analog of CO2 establishing a new Periodic order at 100 GPa. • Proton exchange reactions in D2-H2O mixtures, exhibiting unusual high repulsive interaction. • Significance: These results were previously unpredicted calling attentions for new theories and have strong implications to geophysics, physics, chemistry and materials sciences. High density amorphous (HDA) ice forms from metastable ice VII at 300 K and 1.6-2.1 GPa under rapid compression (Chen and Yoo, PNAS 108, 7685 (2011))

2. Going beyond Static Properties to Kinetics and Metastability Choong-Shik Yoo, Washington State University, DMR 0854618 • Enabling technology developments: • Dynamic-DAC, capable of precise controls of pressure and compression rates, enabling high-pressure kinetic studies. • Time-resolved x-ray diffraction probing structural and chemical evolutions associated with single event phenomena • Collaborative partnership: • Establishing a new research partnership with the HPCAT/APS, LLNL, and LANL for time-resolved x-ray diffraction under dynamic loading using dynamic-DAC. • Educations: • Providing Ph.D. students with hands-on experience in synchrotron x-rays and high pressure technologies. • Two students received recognitions: G. Borsted for ISP scholarship in Physics; M. Dunuwille for G. Crossby Award in Chemistry