1 / 131

Chapter 5 The Human Body

Chapter 5 The Human Body. Objectives. There are no 1985 objectives for this chapter. Introduction. Anatomy The study of structures and components of an organism Physiology The study of the body functions of a living organism Pathophysiology

rudolf
Download Presentation

Chapter 5 The Human Body

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 5The Human Body

  2. Objectives • There are no 1985 objectives for this chapter.

  3. Introduction • Anatomy • The study of structures and components of an organism • Physiology • The study of the body functions of a living organism • Pathophysiology • The study of the body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state

  4. The Structure of the Human Body (1 of 3) • Cells • Most basic component of an organism • Tissues • A group of similar cells working together to perform a common function • Organs • Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function

  5. The Structure of the Human Body (2 of 3) • Organ systems • Groups of organs that work together • May be located together or apart • Combined, they form an organism • Carry out vital functions

  6. The Structure of the Human Body (3 of 3) • Organ systems include: • Musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive, immune, endocrine, lymphatic, integumentary, and special sensory • Homeostasis • Balanced internal environment • System of checks and balances

  7. Anatomic Terminology (1 of 3) • Anatomic terminology • Landmarks for guides of internal structures • The anatomic position • Universal position from which all body positions and movements are described • Anatomic planes • Flat surfaces that pass through the body

  8. The Anatomic Position

  9. Proximal and distal Midline Midaxillary line Midclavicular line Anatomic Terminology (2 of 3) • Frontal plane • Anterior and posterior • Transverse plane • Cranial and cephalad • Median plane • Medial and lateral • Sagittal plane

  10. The Midclavicular Line

  11. Other Directional Terms Bilateral Contralateral Ipsilateral Anatomic Terminology (3 of 3) • Directional Terms • Right and left • Superior and inferior • Superficial and deep • Ventral and dorsal • Palmar and plantar • Apex

  12. Abdominal Quadrants • Abdomen • Two imaginary lines divide this area into four parts • Inferior tip of sternum to the genital area; iliac crest across the umbilicus • Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant • Each quadrant contains specific organs

  13. The Four Quadrants of the Abdomen

  14. Anatomic Positions (1 of 4) • Prone – face down • Supine – face up • Lateral recumbent – lying on left side

  15. Anatomic Positions (2 of 4) • Fowler’s position and semi-Fowler’s position • Sitting upright at a 90° angle • Sitting upright at a 45° angle

  16. Anatomic Positions (3 of 4) • Trendelenburg’s position • Supine with the head down and lower extremities elevated approximately 12” • Helps increase blood flow to the brain

  17. Anatomic Positions (4 of 4) • Shock position • Also called modified Trendelenburg’s position • Head and torso are supine • Lower extremities elevated 6-12”

  18. Movements and Positions (1 of 2) • Movements • From simple to complicated, movements can be broken down into a series of components and described with specific terms • Range of Motion (ROM) • Full distance that a joint can be moved • Flexion • Moving a distal part of an extremity toward the trunk

  19. Movements and Positions (2 of 2) • ROM • Extension • “Hyper” • Supination and pronation • Internal and external rotation • Abduction and adduction

  20. Cellular Transport Mechanisms • Permeability of the cell membrane • Selective permeability • Allows some substances to pass, but not others • Maintains environments • Electrolytes • Chemicals dissolved in blood, made of salt or acid substances that become iconic conductors when dissolved in a solvent

  21. Diffusion • Diffusion • The movement of solutes, which are particles such as salts, dissolved in a solvent • Concentration gradient • Difference in concentrations of the substance on either side of the membrane • Small molecules diffuse more easily than large ones; watery solutions diffuse faster than viscous solutions

  22. Osmosis • Osmosis • The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration • Osmotic pressure • Measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane • Crenation • Lysis

  23. Permeability of the Cell Membrane • Facilitated diffusion • The process in which a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from high to low concentration • Active transport • The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient

  24. Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Endocytosis • Uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet that forms within the protoplasm of the cell • Phagocytosis or “cell eating” • Pinocytosis or “cell drinking” • Exocytosis • The release of secretions from the cells

  25. Cellular Metabolism • Metabolism • The sum of all the physical and chemical processes that produce and maintain the body • Two phases: • Anabolism or “building phase” • Catabolism or “break down phase” • Body’s fuel • Carbohydrates (mostly glucose), fats, and proteins

  26. Cellular Respiration • Respiration • Process of using glucose, fat, and proteins to generate energy • Creates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • Takes place within the mitochondria • Krebs cycle • Glycolysis

  27. Tissues (1 of 4) • Epithelial tissue and glands • Type of tissue that covers all external body surfaces and forms secreting portions of glands • Lines hollow organs in the body • Provides a protective barrier • Functions in absorption of nutrients • Functions in secretion of body substances

  28. Tissues (2 of 4) • Connective tissue • Connects other types of tissue together • Extracellular matrix • Adipose tissue • Contains large amounts of lipids • Other types of connective tissues • Aid in formation of blood vessels • Part of the body’s self-defenses

  29. Tissues (3 of 4) • Muscle Tissue • Located within the substance of the body and invariably enclosed by connective tissue • Classified by structure and function • Structural • Striated or nonstriated • Function • Voluntary and involuntary • Cardiac muscle

  30. Tissues (4 of 4) • Nerve tissue • Peripheral nerves • All nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord • Exiting from between vertebrae to various parts of the body • Neurons • Main conducting cells of nerve tissue • Dendrites • Axons • Neuroglia

  31. Integumentary System (1 of 2) • Integumentary system • Outer surface of the body • Skin, nails, hair, and sweat and oil glands • Largest organ in the body; accounts for 15% of body weight • Function of the skin • Protection from the environment • Regulation of body temperature • Transmission of information to the brain

  32. Integumentary System (2 of 2) • Anatomy of the skin • Epidermis • Subcutaneous tissue • Sebaceous glands • Dermis • Sweat glands • Hair follicles

  33. Anatomy of the Skin

  34. Skeletal System • Axial skeleton • Forms the upright part of the body • Consists of: • Hyoid, skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum • Appendicular skeleton • Attached to the axis as appendages • Consists of: • Shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower extremities

  35. The Skull (1 of 3) • Skull • Consists of 28 bones in three anatomic groups: auditory ossicles, cranium, and face • Cranial vault • Encases, protects the brain • Parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones • Foramen magnum

  36. The Skull (2 of 3) • Sutures • Sagittal suture • Coronal suture • Lambdoid suture • Fontanels

  37. The Skull (3 of 3) • Mastoid process • External auditory meatus • Ossicles • Styloid process • Facial nerve

  38. The Floor of the Cranial Vault • Cranial vault • Divided into three compartments: • Anterior fossa, middle fossa, and posterior fossa • Structures of note: • Crista galli • Cribiform plate • Foramina • Olfactory bulb • Nasal cavity • Sella turcica

  39. The Base of the Skull • Base of the skull • Complex and full of foramina • Structures of note: • Occipital condyles • Palatine bone • Zygomatic arch

  40. The Facial Bones • Facial bones • Frontal and ethmoid bones part of the cranial vault and the face • Composed of 14 bones • Include: • Maxillae, mandible, zygoma, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, and inferior nasal concha bones • Protect the eyes, nose, and tongue and provide attachment points for muscles involved in mastication

  41. Bones of the Orbit • Orbits • Cone-shaped fossae • Enclose and protect the eyes • Contain blood vessels, nerves, and fat • Created by the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine bones • Blow to the eye can result in fracture of the orbit floor (blowout fracture)

  42. Bones of the Nose • Nasal bones • Composed of several portions of the facial bones • Structures of note: • Nasal septum • Paranasal sinuses

  43. The Mandible and Temporomandibular Joint • Mandible • Large movable bone • Composed of the lower jaw and teeth • Structures of note: • Rami • Mandibular notch • Temporomandibular joint

  44. The Hyoid Bone • Hyoid • “Floats” • Not actually part of the skull • Supports the tongue and serves as a point of attachment for neck and tongue muscles

  45. The Neck (1 of 2) • Neck • Contains several important structures • C1-C7 • Upper portion of the trachea and esophagus • Useful landmarks • Adam’s apple (upper part of the thyroid cartilage) • Cricoid cartilage • Cricothyroid membrane • Cartilaginous rings

  46. The Neck (2 of 2) • More structures of note: • Carotid arteries • Internal jugular veins • Sternocleidomastoid muscles • Sternum • Spines of the cervical vertebrae • Most prominent is C7

  47. The Spine (1 of 4) • Vertebral column • Cervical (7) • Thoracic (12) • Lumbar (5) • Sacrum (5) • Coccyx (4)

  48. The Spine (2 of 4) • Atlas (C1) • Point at which the head rotates • Axis (C2) • Dens or odontoid process • Spinal cord • Extension of the brain • Carries messages between the body and brain • Exits skull through foramen magnum • Protected by the vertebrae

  49. The Spine (3 of 4) • The vertebrae • Anterior portion consists of a solid block called “the body” • Posterior part called the “bony arch” • Series of arches form a tunnel that runs the length of the spine called the “spinal canal” which encases and protects the spinal cord • Vertebrae are connected by ligaments • Intervertebral discs

More Related