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The Flow of Genetic Information

The Flow of Genetic Information. From Gene to Protein. It All Begins with DNA. DNA: in the nucleus Polymer of nucleotides Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group (negative charge) Nitrogen base (A,T, C,G). Importance of Nucleotide Sequences.

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The Flow of Genetic Information

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  1. The Flow of Genetic Information From Gene to Protein

  2. It All Begins with DNA • DNA: in the nucleus • Polymer of nucleotides • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate group (negative charge) • Nitrogen base (A,T, C,G)

  3. Importance of Nucleotide Sequences • Different organisms : different order of nucleotides in DNA strands • Closely related organisms: order of nucleotides in their DNA is more alike

  4. Central Dogma

  5. Codons • Sequence of 3 bases needed to code for an amino acid • Amino acids are monomers for proteins

  6. Transcription • Transcription: DNA to mRNA • Occurs in the nucleus

  7. Important Aspects of Transcription RNA Polymerase : pries DNA strands apart, adds RNA nucleotides (only in a 5’ to 3’ direction) Promoter: DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and begins transcription Transcription unit: stretch of DNA that is transcribed

  8. For each gene only one DNA Strand is Transcribed

  9. Process of Transcription

  10. Eukaryotic Cells Modify RNA • 5’ end is capped off with a 5’ cap • 3’ end contains a poly-A tail • Introns (noncoding sequences are removed)/RNA splicing • Exons are joined together

  11. From Pre-mRNA to mRNA

  12. Transcription Overview

  13. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, mRNA is transported to cytoplasm • Transcription results in pre-mRNA and RNA processing yields finished mRNA

  14. Translation • mRNA brings its message to the ribosome and the message is interpreted by tRNA

  15. Ribosomes • Found in the cytoplasm • Facilitate the coupling of mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons • Made of 2 subunits: large and small subunits • Constructed of proteins and rRNA

  16. Ribosome Structure

  17. Translation Overview

  18. Protein Synthesis Overview

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