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Section 1.1

Math in Our World. Section 1.1. The Nature of Mathematical Reasoning. Learning Objectives. Identify two types of reasoning. Use inductive reasoning to form conjectures. Find a counterexample to disprove a conjecture. Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.

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Section 1.1

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  1. Math in Our World Section 1.1 The Nature of Mathematical Reasoning

  2. Learning Objectives • Identify two types of reasoning. • Use inductive reasoning to form conjectures. • Find a counterexample to disprove a conjecture. • Explain the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. • Use deductive reasoning to prove a conjecture.

  3. Reasoning is the process of logical thinking. Two Types of Reasoning Inductive Reasoning (Induction) Deductive Reasoning (Deduction)

  4. Inductive Reasoning The process of reasoning that arrives at a general conclusion based on the observation of specific examples. It involves… • Looking for patterns • Making a Conjecture (an educated guess)

  5. EXAMPLE 1 Using Inductive Reasoning to Find a Pattern Use inductive reasoning to find a pattern, and then find the next three numbers by using that pattern. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, __, __, __

  6. EXAMPLE 1 Using Inductive Reasoning to Find a Pattern SOLUTION To find the pattern, look at the first number and see how to obtain the second number. Then look at the second number and see how to obtain the third number, etc. • 2 4 5 7 8 10 11 13 ___ ___ __ The pattern seems to be to add 1, then add 2, then add 1, then add 2, etc. So a reasonable conjecture for the next three numbers is 14, 16, and 17. +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

  7. EXAMPLE 2 Using Inductive Reasoning to Find a Pattern Make a reasonable conjecture for the next figure in the sequence.

  8. EXAMPLE 2 Using Inductive Reasoning to Find a Pattern SOLUTION The flat part of the figure is up, right, down, and then left. There is a solid circle in each figure. The sequence then repeats with an open circle in each figure. So we could reasonably expect the next figure to be .

  9. EXAMPLE 3 Using Inductive Reasoning to Make a Conjecture When two odd numbers are added, will the result always be an even number? Use inductive reasoning to determine your answer.

  10. EXAMPLE 3 Using Inductive Reasoning to Make a Conjecture Since all the answers are even, it seems reasonable to conclude that the sum of two odd numbers will be an even number. Note: Since the sum of every pair of odd numbers hasn’t been tried, we can’t be 100% sure that the answer will always be an even number by using inductive reasoning. SOLUTION We will try several specific examples:

  11. Counterexample One specific example that proves the conjecture false. To find a counterexample… • You must start with a number(s) or object(s) that matches the premise of the conjecture. • Pick them in a way that will give you an incorrect response.

  12. EXAMPLE 4 Finding a Counterexample Find a counterexample that proves the conjecture below is false. Conjecture: A number is divisible by 3 if the last two digits are divisible by 3.

  13. EXAMPLE 4 Finding a Counterexample SOLUTION We’ll pick a few numbers at random whose last two digits are divisible by 3, then divide them by 3, and see if there’s a remainder. Start with 1,527: Next 11,745: At this point, you might start to suspect that the conjecture is true, but you shouldn’t! We’ve only checked two cases. Now try 1,136: This counterexample shows that the conjecture is false.

  14. Deductive Reasoning The process of reasoning that arrives at a conclusion based on previously accepted general statements. It does not rely on specific examples.

  15. EXAMPLE 5 Using Deductive Reasoning to Prove a Conjecture Consider the following problem: Think of any number. Multiply that number by 2, then add 6, and divide the result by 2. Next subtract the original number. What is the result? (a) Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture for the answer. (b) Use deductive reasoning to prove your conjecture.

  16. EXAMPLE 5 Using Deductive Reasoning to Prove a Conjecture SOLUTION (a) Inductive reasoning will be helpful in forming a conjecture. We’ll choose a couple specific numbers at random and perform the given operations to see what the result is. Number: Multiply by 2: Add 6: Divide by 2: Subtract the original number: Result: So we might form a conjecture that the result will always be the number 3. But this doesn’t prove the conjecture, as we’ve tried only two of infinitely many possibilities.

  17. EXAMPLE 5 Using Deductive Reasoning to Prove a Conjecture SOLUTION (b) The problem with the inductive approach is that we can’t check every possible number. Instead, we’ll choose an arbitrary number and call it x. If we can show that the result is 3 in this case, that will tell us that this is the result for every number. Remember, we’ll be doing the exact same operations, just on an arbitrary number x. Number: Multiply by 2: Add 6: Divide by 2: Subtract the original number: Result: Now we proved our conjecture for all numbers.

  18. EXAMPLE 6 Using Deductive Reasoning to Prove a Conjecture Consider the following problem: Select a number. Add 50 to the number. Multiply the sum by 2. Subtract the original number from the product. What is the result? (a) Use inductive reasoning to arrive at a general conclusion. (b) Use deductive reasoning to prove your conclusion is true.

  19. EXAMPLE 6 Using Deductive Reasoning to Prove a Conjecture SOLUTION (a) Inductive reasoning will be helpful in forming a conjecture. We’ll choose a couple specific numbers at random and perform the given operations to see what the result is. Number: Add 50: Multiply by 2: Subtract the original number: Result: The conjecture is that the final answer is 100 more than the original number. But this doesn’t prove the conjecture, as we’ve tried only two of infinitely many possibilities.

  20. EXAMPLE 6 Using Deductive Reasoning to Prove a Conjecture SOLUTION (b) Now we’ll try using deduction. Remember, we’ll be doing the exact same operations, just on an arbitrary number x. Number: Add 50: Multiply by 2: Subtract the original number: Result: Our conjecture was right: the final answer is always 100 more than the original number.

  21. EXAMPLE 7 Comparing Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Determine whether the type of reasoning used is inductive or deductive. The last six times we played our archrival in football, we won, so I know we’re going to win on Saturday. SOLUTION Inductive Reasoning! This conclusion is based on six specific occurrences, not a general rule that we know to be true.

  22. EXAMPLE 8 Comparing Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Determine whether the type of reasoning used is inductive or deductive. The syllabus states that any final average between 80% and 90% will result in a B. If I get a 78% on my final, my overall average will be 80.1%, so I’ll get a B. SOLUTION Deductive Reasoning! Although we’re talking about a specific person’s grade, the conclusion that I’ll get a B is based on a general rule: all scores in the 80s earn a B.

  23. Classwork p. 12-15: 7, 9, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24, 28, 32, 35, 39, 41, 43, 47, 51, 67

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