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Technology in Action. Technology in Focus: History of the PC. Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800. The first microcomputer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basic MITS receives 4,000 orders. Apple I and Apple II.
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Technology in Action Technology in Focus: History of the PC
Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800 • The first microcomputer • Sold as a kit • Switches for input • Lights for output • Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basic • MITS receives 4,000 orders
Apple I and Apple II • Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976 • Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977 • Uses Motorola processor • First fully contained microcomputer • Highly successful
Early Competitors • Commodore • TRS-80 • Osborne
IBM PC • IBM enters small computer market 1981 • Uses open architecture • Purchases operating system from Microsoft
Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) • Revolutionized the software industry • Programming language that beginners could easily learn • Key language of the PC • Bill Gates and Paul Allen used BASIC to write the program for the Altair • Led to the creation of Microsoft
Advent of Operating Systems • Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive • Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first Apples • Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCs • MS-DOS • Operating system for IBM PCs • Based on an operating system called Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) • Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen • All PCs using the Intel chip used MS-DOS
Software Application Explosion • Electronic Spreadsheets • VisiCalc • Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel • Word Processing • WordStar • Word for MS-DOS • Word Perfect Bricklin and Frankston VisiCalc screenshot
Graphical User Interface • Xerox • Palo Alto Research Center • Alto: 1972 • Apple • Lisa: 1983 • Macintosh: 1984 Xerox Alto
The Internet Boom • Mosaic • Netscape • Internet Explorer • Windows 95
Pascalene 1624 The first accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide Early Computer History • Jacquard Loom 1820 • Created by Joseph Jacquard • A machine that automated the weaving of complex patterns • Used holes punched in cards to automate the process
Early Computer History • Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890 • Created by Herman Hollerith • Used punch cards to tabulate census data • Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM • Analytical Engine 1834 • Created by Charles Babbage • The father of computing • The first automatic calculator • Includes components similar to those found in today's computers
Early Computer History • Z1 1936 • Created by Konrad Zuse • The Z1 is a mechanical calculator • It included a control unit and memory functions • Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939 • Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry • The first electrically powered digital computer • Used vacuum tubes to store data • The first computer to use the binary system Atansoff-Berry Computer
Early Computer History • Harvard Mark I 1944 • Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper • A computer used by the US Navy for ballistics calculations • Hopper’s contribution to computing was • Invention of the compiler • Coined the term “computer bug” • Turing Machine 1939 • Created by Alan Turing • A hypothetical model that defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm • Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAM 1st use of “computer bug”
Early Computer History • ENIAC 1944 • Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert • The first successful high-speed electronic digital computer • UNIVAC 1951 • The first commercially successful electronic digital computer • Used magnetic tape ENIAC UNIVAC
Early Computer History • Transistors 1945 • Invented at Bell Laboratories • Replaces vacuum tubes • Integrated circuits 1958 • Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments • A small chip containing thousands of transistors • Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter
Early Computer History • Microprocessor chip 1971 • Created by Intel Corporation • A small chip containing millions of transistors • It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
Computer Generations • First-generation computers (1946–1958) • UNIVAC • Use vacuum tubes to store data • Second-generation computers (1959–1964) • Use transistors to store data • Third-generation computers (1965–1970) • Use integrated circuits • Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today) • Use a microprocessor chip