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Learn about the formation of monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy, ploutocracy, and democracy in ancient Greek city-states. Discover the unique characteristics of Sparta, a military city-state, its social classes, and the Spartan way of life.
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La formation Monarchie – gouvernement d’un seul La royauté (pouvoir héréditaire) Oligarchie – gouvernement d’un petit groupe L’aristocratie (pouvoir de la noblesse) La ploutocratie (pouvoir des riches) Démocratie – gouvernement de tous les citoyens
Chaque cité a sa caractéristique Cités de commerce Athènes et sa rivale Corinthe Cités agricoles Thèbes Cités religieuses Delphes et Olympie Cités-colonies Syracuse, Marseille et Naples Cité militaire Sparte
L’Histoire Laconique • Les nouveaux arrivés sont venus du Nord en dixième siècle av n-e • Ils se sont installés sur la colline Laconie ; • Les autochtones furent réduits au status des Hélots.
L’ Histoire Brève Troubled by difficulties in satisfying its needs from its own territory, the Spartans sought a military answer to their problems: (1)Started the first Messenia War (730 – 710 B.C.): • Messenia became subject to Sparta, the local people became perioikoi, • or helots(turned into one of largest of Greek states (over 3,000 square miles); (2) This is a whole people with a sense of themselves, who think of themselves as Mycenaeans. They are conquered and enslaved and they become a critical part of the Spartan; (3) The Second Messenian War (640-630 B.C.).
The potential risks of the helot system: • They are permanently dissatisfied, angry • They are permanently thinking about somehow getting free and permanently, therefore, presenting a threat to whatever the Spartan regime is at the time.
Sparte • Ville ou camp militaire • La constitution est aristocratique • La vieillesse est respectée • L’enfant est un futur soldat – il doit être endurant au froid, à la faim, à la souffrance (triple endurance) • Le métier d’un Spartiate est la guerre (il rentre chez lui avec son bouclier ou sur son bouclier) • La femme spartiate est une mère capable de produire des enfants sains et vigoureux, futurs soldats ou futures mères. • L'éducation est dispensée à toutes les filles
Qui détient le pouvoir à Sparte? Deux Rois • garder un oeil sur l'un l'autre • former l'armée spartiate pour la guerre Les Ephores • élu chaque année • commander laconduite des rois • négocient les traités étrangers • les affaires quotidiennes de l'état Conseil de 28 • Gérousia • âgé de 60 ans • aident à diriger les affaires de la ville l'Assemblée du peuple • tous les citoyen de Sparte de 30 ans ou plus
Les classes sociales Les Spartiates ou Égaux Les périèques Les hilotes
Les Spartiates ou ÉgauxClasses sociales Une minorité en Laconie Citoyens La classe aristocratique Ils ont tous les droits politiques Son métier est d’être soldat Il ne peut cultiver la terre, faire du commerce ou être artisan
2) Les périèques s classes sociales Des anciens vaincus, des étrangers, des Spartiates déchus de leurs droits Ils sont libres Ils peuvent posséder des terres en Laconie Ils ne participent pas à la vie politique Ils font les activités interdites aux Spartiates – le commerce En cas de mobilisation, ils doivent servir dans l’armée
Les classes sociales: Les hilotes Les agriculteurs Ils cultivent la terre au profit des citoyens Ils sont la supériorité numérique – donc chaque année, les jeunes spartiates leur déclarent la guerre
5. The Spartan Way of Life 5.2 Childhood In the Spartan system, the polis and its welfare was all in all. Individual and family interestsand ambitions were to be put aside to create a society focused on the common good. A Spartan newborn had first to be formally “recognized” by the five Ephors. Unrecognized and very sick infants were “exposed”—abandoned to die. “Recognized” infants were given a plot of land, to be worked by slaves (helots). A Spartan child was raised by his mother until the age of seven.
5. The Spartan Way of Life 5.3 At Seven At seven, the child began to be educated in a system called theagoge(the Greek word comes from the verb ago, “to lead,” and denoted a system of training and a way of life). The agoge was carefully planned to weaken ties to family and to strengthen collective identity. When they entered the agoge, boys were divided into age groups and lived under the immediate supervision of older boys. Although they were taught the rudiments of reading and writing, the focus of the agoge was on rigorous physical training to develop hardiness and endurance. They were also acculturated to Spartan values by listening to patriotic choral poetry and tales of bravery and heroism at the common meals.
5. The Spartan Way of Life 5.4 At Twelve • At age twelve, the agoge became increasingly more military in form and more demanding. • The boys were allowed only a single cloak for winter and summer, required to sleep in beds that they made themselves from rushes picked from the Eurotas River, and fed meager rations that they were expected to supplement by stealing (if caught, they were whipped for their failure to escape detection). • On occasion they attended the men’s messes, perhaps in a form of “rushing,” in preparation for their later election to one of these groups. • To further their acculturation, they were expected to develop homosexual “mentor” relationships with one of the hebontes, men between the ages of twenty and thirty who played a quasi-parental role in socializing their young charges.
5. The Spartan Way of Life 5.5 At Eighteen Upon election to a mess, the young men, now classed as hebontes, were still not in possession of full citizenship rights. While they could probably attend the Assembly and vote, they remained under the close supervision and control of the paidonmos. The hebontes were encouraged to marry, but they were not permitted to live with their wives until they reached the age of thirty. As a result, they spent for more time and developed closer emotional ties with their young male charges, than with their wives. This was the period in which they were most active in military service, and, as we saw above, they were also subject to serve in the Krypteia.
5. The Spartan Way of Life 5.5 At Eighteen Upon election to a mess, the young men, now classed as hebontes, were still not in possession of full citizenship rights. While they could probably attend the Assembly and vote, they remained under the close supervision and control of the paidonmos. The hebontes were encouraged to marry, but they were not permitted to live with their wives until they reached the age of thirty. As a result, they spent for more time and developed closer emotional ties with their young male charges than with their wives. This was the period in which they were most active in military service, and, as we saw above, they were also subject to serve in the Krypteia.
5. The Spartan Way of Life 5.6 At the Age of Thirty At the age of thirty, the Spartan became a full citizen and was expected to move out of the barracks and set up his own households. He also became eligible to hold office. But he continued to take his main meal in his mess, and his military obligations continued until the age of sixty. At that time he became eligible for the Gerousia and no longer had military obligations. He still ate in his mess, however, and was expected to participate actively in the training and disciplining of the younger men and boys.
Les Spartiates n'écrivent pas beaucoup. Ils ont une aversion pour les écrits littéraires, et le laconisme est considéré comme une caractéristique désirable. • On ne peut donc connaître leur société qu'à travers le regard des autres. • Quatre sources anciennes — Hérodote, Thucydide, Xénophon et Plutarque — offrent une grande partie de l'information que nous avons sur cette société très admirée et souvent crainte. • L'austérité est une des principales caractéristiques du mode de vie spartiate, et elle est évidente dans les maisons, les possessions, les vêtements et même l'alimentation. • Seules les personnes qui meurent sur le champ de bataille ou en accouchant ont droit à une pierre tombale, et ces dernières fournissent peu d'information. • On fait aussi de modestes offrandes funéraires.
Cela commence à la naissance • C'est l'État, plutôt que le père, comme dans les autres cités grecques, qui décide si les garçons vivront ou mourront. • Si le nouveau-né semble être en santé et vigoureux, on le garde; si non, on l'abandonne et on le laisse mourir. • Sparte est un État militaire, presque toujours en guerre, et il lui faut une réserve de bébés robustes qui pourront être formés pour protéger aveuglement les intérêts de l'État. • Une fois accepté par les autorités spartiates, l'enfant est élevé à la maison jusqu'à l'âge de sept ans. • Il quitte alors sa famille et commence sa formation dans des écoles de l'État où il apprendra à obéir et à servir pour se préparer à une vie de service militaire qui durera jusqu'à l'âge de soixante ans.
Le programme d'études spartiate ne permet à l'élève d'acquérir que des compétences de base en lecture et en écriture. • On met plutôt l'accent sur une formation qui sera utile au militaire; les jeunes apprennent à survivre, à vivre dans des conditions difficiles, à franchir des obstacles et à se débrouiller seuls en territoire ennemi. • Les jeunes spartiates sont toujours pieds nus, ne portent qu'une grande cape, quel que soit le temps, et mangent peu. • On les encourage à compléter leurs rations en volant de la nourriture, mais s'ils sont pris sur le fait, ils sont fouettés. • Le fouet joue en fait un rôle important dans leur éducation.
À l'âge de vingt ans, le jeune spartiate est adulte. • On le met alors dans un « groupe de repas » avec d'autres jeunes militaires. • Il prendra tous ses repas avec ce groupe pour nouer des liens et développer la camaraderie qui est essentielle à la lutte des hoplites, où ils devront tous compter les uns sur les autres. • Au cours de la prochaine décennie, il se mariera, mais il vivra à la caserne, plutôt qu'à la maison, jusqu'à l'âge de trente ans.
Les filles spartiates ont plus de liberté que leurs homologues dans les autres cités grecques. • L'État veille à leur instruction, et leur mission première est d'avoir des enfants, surtout des garçons qui pourront devenir soldats. • À cette fin, on nourrit bien les filles, et on les encourage à faire de l'exercice, à pratiquer divers sports. • Les femmes spartiates peuvent également hériter et posséder des biens.
6. The Spartan Women 6.1 The Spartan Girl Spartan girls were educated in the same ideals as Spartan boys, which is quite different from other poleis. For example, in Athens, girls were not educated, and historical evidence shows that Athenian women lived so completely separated from the men that they even had their own dialect. Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that were unknown in the rest of the classical world.
6. The Spartan Women 6.3 Marriage The girl was carried off, her hair was cut, and she was dressed as a boy by her “bridesmaids”; she was then left in a dark room where her husband-to-be would visit her. If pregnancy resulted, the marriage was valid, but the husband continued in his mess until he reached the age of thirty, visiting his wife only at night and by stealth. The ancient sources report that this regime was adopted to heighten sexual attraction and increase the vigor of any resulting infants. Another view is that it would ensure that the couple would see each other primarily as sexual partners and that the husband would not invest himself emotionally in the welfare of his wife and family to the detriment of his military duties.
6. The Spartan Women 6.4 The Concept of Adultery In Spartan law and practice, the concept of adultery did not exist. It was acceptable for a husband to loan his wife to his friends if he wanted no more children himself, or to borrow the wife of another men for reproductive purposes. Old men with young wives were expected to provide a young man as a sexual partner for their wives. Such practices of course fostered reproduction: the potential of female fertility was fully exploited even when the luck of the marriage draw did not favor it. Other Greeks looked askance at these practices and at the “freedom” allowed to Spartan women and viewed Spartan women as licentious. But it was not the women who were in control; in each case, it was the husband who arranged for and sanctioned such extramarital relationships. These relationships can be looked upon as logical extension of the general Greek conception of women as property, in the context of the Spartan practice of sharing resources.
6. The Spartan Women Spartan women ran the farm and disciplined the helots. In Sparta, commerce is forbidden. No gold or silver was permitted and Luxuries were banned. There were no written laws and, hence, no lawyers. All Spartan citizens were expected to put service to their city-state before personal concerns because Sparta’s survival was continually threatened by its own economic foundation, the great mass of helots.
3. Lycurgus 3.1 Background After the Second Messenian War, Sparta fell into social chaos. Amid such social surroundings, Lycurgus reformed the Spartan system and founded the typical Spartan institution. This is the institutions which made Sparta so successful for so many centuries from the eighth century BC right down to the time of Alexander the Great, almost 500 years.
Lycurgue Biographie (800 BC–730 BC)
Réforme De Lycurgue Le Bas-relief de Lycurgue, un de 23 meilleurs législateurs du monde est. dépeint dans la chambre the Représentatives aux États-Unis.
3.3 Travelling And so Lycurgus was asked to undertake his reforms. Now realizing that Sparta was in need of reform, Lycurgus set off a series of travels and went first to Crete. The Cretans were related to Spartans; both of them were Dorians and came from the northern Greece to the South after the fall of the Mycenaean. Lycurgus studied the characteristic institutions of Crete. Then he went to Ionian, Asian Minor where the Iliad was composed, and there he also studied their Greek institutions and compare the softness of love of luxury that characterizes the Ionians with the rigorous war-like society of Crete. And then he also went to Egypt. He then came back to Sparta and carried out his reforms.
4. The Reform of Lycurgus 4.1 The ideal of reform From the very start, reforms undertaken by Lycurgus rested upon the ideal of achieving absolute equality among all Spartans. In the Archaic Age, the bane of almost all Greek city-states was civil war brought about by economic and social disparity. Lycurgus therefore sought to avoid this through his reforms by making every Spartan equal. He aimed to establish a balanced constitution and it was this very balanced constitution of Sparta attributed to Lycurgus was very much admired by the founders of many later countries.
4. The Reform of Lycurgus 4.3 Three Parts of Sparta Constitution: This balanced institution was considered by many, including Plato and Aristotle, to be a model for other poleis. The Spartan constitution or rhetra in Greek language, in its developed form had three parts: (1) The dual kingship; (2) The council of elders, or Gerousia; (3) And the Assembly.
Lycurgue était le législateur des Spartiates. Il voulait que tous fussent égaux. Alors les terres furent partagées en autant de lots qu'il y avait de citoyens et il était interdit de vendre ou d'acheter aucun de ces lots. Ainsi, il n'y avait ni riches ni pauvres. • Tous les Spartiates mangeaient à la même table. Le seul plat de ces repas publics était une sorte de brouet noir, mélange assez grossier de viande, de graisse et de sel.
En effet, les Spartiates étaient un peuple de guerriers. • Ils consacraient leur vie entière aux exercices militaires. Les enfants nés difformes, malingres ou maladifs étaient mis à mort. • Ceux qui semblaient robustes étaient élevés à la dure : ils allaient nu-pieds, avec le même vêtement sur le dos, été comme hiver. • On les frappait à coups de verges, pour les habituer à la douleur.
La ruse et le vol leur étaient permis mais gare à eux s'ils se faisaient prendre : leur maladresse était sévèrement punie. • On raconte à ce sujet qu'un enfant ayant volé un renard, le cacha sous sa robe. Il se laissa grignoter le ventre, sans pousser un cri, pour ne pas trahir le secret de son larcin.
Les Spartiates aimaient leur patrie par-dessus tout. Ils méprisaient la douleur et la mort. • Avant le combat, une mère disait à son fils, en lui donnant son bouclier : "Reviens dessus ou dessous" ce qui signifie, reviens vainqueur ou mort.
