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/ f nAl dZi /

√. √. / f nAl dZi /. / t /. [/]. [t˘]. [tH]. [t]. Sets. /water/. [ice]. [steam]. [water]. Sets. /water/. Prototype. [ice]. [steam]. [water]. /t/ & [t] phones, phonemes, allophones. / t /. [/]. [t˘]. [tH]. [t]. Phonemic - phonetic. / p√k /. [pH√k | ].

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/ f nAl dZi /

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  1. √ √ /f nAl dZi/ /t/ [/] [t˘] [tH] [t] English 306A; Harris

  2. Sets /water/ [ice] [steam] [water] English 306A; Harris

  3. Sets /water/ Prototype [ice] [steam] [water] English 306A; Harris

  4. /t/ & [t]phones, phonemes, allophones /t/ [/] [t˘] [tH] [t] English 306A; Harris

  5. Phonemic - phonetic /p√k/ [pH√k|] English 306A; Harris

  6. Phone, phoneme, allophone [tH] [t] [/] = /t/ [t|] [t˘] [R] English 306A; Harris

  7. Phone, phoneme, allophone Phone: a speech sound Phoneme: set of related speech sounds Allophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme) /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

  8. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Phone A noise systematically exploited by communities of language users to construct signifiers A concrete thing, not an abstract thing Language independent Watch for the brackets [tH] English 306A; Harris

  9. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Phoneme • A mental entity, not an acoustic entity • An abstract notion, not a concrete notion • Language dependent • Watch for the slashes /t/ English 306A; Harris

  10. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Phoneme • Represented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceable • A critical diagnostic: the minimal pair pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil English 306A; Harris

  11. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • Does not make sense except in terms of some specific phoneme • There is no such thing as “an allophone”, only “an allophone of some phoneme” • It is defined by its relationship to aphoneme /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

  12. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • [tH]is not “an allophone”, it is “an allophone of/t/(in English)” English /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

  13. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • A phone can be an allophone of more than one phoneme (in a given language). English /t/ /d/ [R] English 306A; Harris

  14. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear • [R], [d],[D] Spanish English English 306A; Harris

  15. Phoneme*: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear • [R], [d],[D] * Phonemicdistinctions English 306A; Harris

  16. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone*: hard to hear • [R], [d],[D] * Allophonesof the samephoneme English 306A; Harris

  17. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear English 306A; Harris

  18. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear English 306A; Harris

  19. [R] [d] [D] [d] [R] [r] [D] Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear /d/ /d/ /r/ /D/ English 306A; Harris

  20. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • A phone can be an allophone of different phonemes in different languages. English Spanish English Spanish /t/, /d/ /r/ /D/ /d/ [R] [D] English 306A; Harris

  21. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • A critical diagnostic: complementary distribution • Phonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] English 306A; Harris

  22. Phonological processes • Allophonic patterns • The same alternations with classes of related sounds • Phonological rules • Expressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations [pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl X  Y ⁄ W  Z English 306A; Harris

  23. Phonological processes • Allophonic patterns • The same alternations with classes of related sounds [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] [tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|] [kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|] English 306A; Harris

  24. Phonological processes [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Phones Voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

  25. Phonological processes PhonemesVoiceless stops /p//t//k/ [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Phones Voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

  26. Phonological processes PhonemesVoiceless stops /p//t//k/ [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Allophones and phones and voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

  27. Phonological processesPhonological rules • Express allophonic regularities • Have the form: X  Y ⁄ W  Z English 306A; Harris

  28. +stop -voice +syllabic +stress  +aspirated /  /p//t//k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH][p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

  29. +stop -voice  -release ⁄ # /p//t//k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH][p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

  30. ???  ???? ⁄ ??? ??? /p//t//k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH][p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

  31. / t /  [th] /  V / k /  [kh] /  V +stop -voice +syllabic +stress +aspirated /   Phonological Rules: classes of sounds / p /  [ph] /  V English 306A; Harris

  32. -voice+stop +syllabic+stress  [+aspirated] /  Phonological processesSome English rules Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words [+stop]  [-released] ⁄ # English 306A; Harris

  33. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gon) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

  34. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gon) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? English 306A; Harris

  35. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? [+syllabic] English 306A; Harris

  36. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule?  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  37. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? ⁄  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  38. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? [+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  39. Vowel length: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|](got)[gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|](bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|] (rib) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

  40. Vowel length: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|](got)[gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|](bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|] (rib) What’s the rule? English 306A; Harris

  41. Vowel length: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|](got)[gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|](bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|] (rib) What’s the rule? [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄  [+voice] English 306A; Harris

  42. English vowel allophones [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. ˜ ˘ English 306A; Harris

  43. English vowel allophones ˜ [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. i.e., V, V:, V /V/ [V:] / [+voice] [V] / [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ ˜ ˘ English 306A; Harris

  44. English vowel allophones /V/ [V:] / [+voice] [V] / [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄ [+voice] [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  45. Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r](big) [mu)](about) [ni)](cattle)[ne)˘l](cloud) [fuar ](cold) [¬iuF](wet) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

  46. Nasalization Progressive Regressive English Scots Gaelic [bQ‚˘n](ban)[mu)](about) [gA‚˘n](gone)[ne)˘l](cloud) English 306A; Harris

  47. What’s the rrrrrrrule? Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r](big) [mu)](about) [ni)](cattle)[ne)˘l](cloud) [fuar ](cold) [¬iuF](wet) [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  48. Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) English 306A; Harris

  49. Minimal pairs Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) English 306A; Harris

  50. Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ English 306A; Harris

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