Introduction

1. A Study of Drug Interaction on Muscle Cell Viability and Response Jovan Deas Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology

2. Introduction • American diets: foods with high salt, sugar, fat • “One third of Americans get 47 percent of their calories from junk foods.” • Increased obesity • Increases the chance of heart disease • Leads to prescription of blood pressure medication • Can also lead to use of salt substitutes • What if mixing these commonly prescribed medications had negative effects?

3. Prior research • A study was conducted to determine if mixing potassium ions and blood pressure medication effect muscles. • Previous research concluded that the ACE inhibitors Lisinopril and Benazepril have a significant effect on muscle cell viability.

4. Prior research (continued) • Each treatment added independently resulted in increased cell counts; the potassium treatment causing the greatest increase.

5. Prior research (continued) • When potassium was added to each blood pressure medication in low, medium, and high concentrations, cell counts were significantly reduced.

6. Introduction • Previous research has made me inquire two things. • What if other blood pressure medication classes/ types effect the muscle cell viability? • Can the mixture of medications affect a muscle strands ability to perform action (contract)?

7. Rationale • People could become harmed if potassium combined with blood pressure medications. • Warnings could be issued to prevent using medications together.

8. Background • ACE Inhibitors relax your arteries by neutralizing a hormone (angiotensin) that constricts vascular walls easily • Beta-Blockers block adrenaline from binding to heart muscle • Diuretics lower blood pressure by helping the body get rid of excess fluid. • Types of blood pressure medications. (2009, October 16). Retrieved from http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2141

9. Background • They then induce muscle contraction by adding ATP, observe the contraction, and measure the post-contraction width of the sarcomeres. • Carolina, Biological. (2006). Contraction of glycerinated muscle with atp. Retrieved from http://www.carolina.com/text/teacherresources/instructions/miscbiology/contraction_of_glycerinated_muscle.pdf

10. Research Hypothesis The research hypothesis states that: • As the concentration of blood pressure medication and potassium ions increases, the muscle cell viability will decrease when compared to an untreated control group. • If combined treatments of BP medications and potassium ions are added to the striated muscle samples, the muscle will lose its ability to respond to an electrical impulse and will not contract, or contract to a lesser degree when compared to the control.

11. Experimental Design Diagram

12. Experimental Design Diagram

13. Procedure • Phase 1: • Day 1: • Plate Cells • Day 2: • Prepare and sterilize treatments • Apply Treatments • Day 3: • Count Cell • Phase 2: • Day 1: • Prepare treatments • Day 2: • Material setup • Apply treatments • Obtain data • Day 3: • Analyze data

14. Statistical Analysis • Quantitative data was obtained for both phases of experimentation. • Four trials were used in each treatment and the control. • one way ANOVA test was performed

15. Results

16. Inferential Statistics • Individual: df= 4,F= 1.99, p= 0.148 • Mixed: df= 2,F= 2.86, p= 0.109 • There was no statistical significance when the individual treatments as well as the mixed treatments were added to the muscle cells.

17. Results

18. Inferential Statistics • Individual: df= 4,F= 10.07, p<0.001 • Mixed: df= 2,F= 0.01, p= 0.990 • There was statistical significance when the individual treatments were added to the muscle tissue, however there was no statistical significance when the mixed treatments were added to the muscle tissue.

19. Conclusions • For the cell study conducted the research hypothesis was supported because cell viability decreased significantly • For the muscle tissue study the research hypothesis was rejected however the percent muscle contractions of mixed treatments was significantly lower than treatments that were independently applied. • Combining potassium with these blood pressure treatments may be hazardous.

20. Future Improvements • Delimitations: testing a limited number of treatments, at one standard concentration (based on prescribed dosage) • Sources of error: limitations of samples/ groups, possible pipetting errors in small volumes, and possible air contamination when conduction the muscle study

21. Literature cited • Types of blood pressure medications. (2009, October 16). Retrieved from http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2141 • Side effects of potassium supplements and how to avoid them. (Weber, 2009) • Carolina, Biological. (2006). Contraction of glycerinated muscle with atp. Retrieved from http://www.carolina.com/text/teacherresources/instructions/miscbiology/contraction_of_glycerinated_muscle.pdf

22. Acknowledgements • Ms. Mansell and Ms. Baskett • Dawn and Michael Deas • Rockdale Magnet School

23. A Study of Drug Interaction on Muscle Cell Viability and Response Jovan DeasAny Questions?

24. ANOVA • Analysis of variance- statistical analysis used to analyze several means. • P value- the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed • DF- degree of freedom • F value- variance of the group means

25. Descriptive Statistics

26. Descriptive Statistics