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Grading Criteria for Assigment 1. Structure – sense of time, present and past conflict with two distinct sides description of cause of conflict shared values as basis for possible reconciliation Visual – paragraph lengths similar to Lincoln
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Grading Criteria for Assigment 1 • Structure – • sense of time, present and past • conflict with two distinct sides • description of cause of conflict • shared values as basis for possible reconciliation • Visual – paragraph lengths similar to Lincoln • Style – formal language; long, complex sentence structure • Basic writing: typos, grammar, spelling • Creativity in topic: general “fit” with Lincoln’s essay
Types of Proof • Logical proof (logos) • Proof that builds credibility (ethos) • Emotional proof (pathos)
Types of Logical Proof • Argument from sign • Argument from induction • Argument from cause • Argument from deduction • Argument from analogy • Argument from definition • Argument from statistics
Deductive Reasoning (ch. 8) • Syllogism: basic form of deductive argument – major premise, minor premise, conclusion • Question the structure of the syllogism (does conclusion follow) and the truth of the premises
Some points about fallacies • Infinite number of fallacies (Google fallacy!) • But fallacies are best understood in context • Establish fallacies by questioning an argument’s warrants and making a judgment about appropriate proofs
Logical Fallacies • Begging the question (restating the claim) • Red herring (irrelevant support) • Non sequitur (conclusion does not follow) • Straw man (distortion of opposing argument) • Stacked evidence (one-sided) • Either-or (false dichotomy) • Post hoc (faulty cause) • Hasty generalization
Fallacies of Ethos & Pathos • Ad hominem • Guilt by association • Using authority instead of evidence • Bandwagon appeal • Slippery slope • Creating false needs