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The Body’s Physical Systems

This comprehensive guide explores the intricate workings of the human body, from neural communication and neurotransmitters to the immune system's defense mechanisms. Dive into the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and endocrine systems, understanding disorders and diseases within each. Learn about autoimmune diseases and how the body's immunity fights off threats. Enhance your knowledge of human physiology and health with clear explanations and key points.

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The Body’s Physical Systems

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  1. The Body’s Physical Systems Psych 1216 - Health Psych

  2. The Neuron

  3. Neural Communication

  4. Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics Neurotransmitter effects Receptor site on receiving neuron Antagonist blocks Neurotransmitter effects Neural Communication

  5. Corpus callosum CNS: Forebrain • Telencephalon • Limbic System • Cerebrum • Diencephalon • Thalamus & Hypothalamus

  6. The Limbic System

  7. Brainstem

  8. The Cerebral Cortex

  9. Nervous system Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System

  10. Sympathetic Nervous System

  11. Parasympathetic Nervous System

  12. The Endocrine System

  13. The Digestive System

  14. The Digestive System Disorders • Peptic Ulcers • sores usually in the duodenum • Hepatitis • Viral inflammation of the liver • Cirrhosis • Cancer

  15. Metabolism • Basal Metabolic Rate • Exercise Metabolic Rate • Dietary Thermogenesis

  16. The Respiratory System • Mechanical action:moving air in and out of the lungs • Gas Exchange:respiration- in the alveoli, CO2 (toxic gas) is eliminated and O2 enters the blood stream • Protective mechanisms: sneezing, cough, mucous production • Impaired function: Asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, cancer

  17. The Cardiovascular System Blood transport of nutrients and waste removal from tissues. Chemicals and hormone distribution. • The Heart: A four chamber muscle pump nourished by the coronary arteries • Blood pressure: Systolic=120 mmHg, Diastolic=80 mmHg. Varies depending on demand and vascular conditions. • Blood composition: red and white cells, platelets and plasma • Cardiovascular disorders: mostly related to blood vessel damage and blood flow abnormalities resulting in tissue damage)

  18. The Cardiovascular System • Heart • Myocardium • Atria and Ventricles • Blood Flow http://www.innerbody.com/image/card02.html

  19. Blood Pressure • Systole & Diastole • Systolic: max force from  contraction • Diastolic: pressure between  contractions • Fluid Dynamics • Cardiac output • Blood volume • Peripheral resistance • Elasticity of vessels • Viscosity of blood

  20. Blood Pressure • Other factors that affect BP • Emotions:SNS • Environmental Temperature • Activity levels • Hypertension • >140 mmHg systolic, >90 mmHg diastolic • Risk factors • family Hx • body weight • age • gender • race

  21. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System • Myocardial Infarction • Angina Pectoris • Stroke

  22. Immune System • Organs of the immune system • lymphocytes: white blood cells • from lymphatic or lymphoid organs: • bone marrow • thymus • lymph nodes • spleen • lymph nodes capture antigens and hold lymphocytes • lymph vessels ultimately empty into blood supply • can spread cancer cells • spleen filters blood

  23. Soldiers of the Immune System • White blood cells • phagocytes: nonspecific immunity • macrophages and monocytes • lymphocytes:respond to specific antigens • T-cells: cell-mediated immunity • Killer T cells • Helper T cells • Memory T cells • Suppressor T cells

  24. Soldiers of the Immune System • B-cells: antibody-mediated immunity • B-cells produce plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins - Ig) • Ig’s attach to antigen and identify it for destruction • Memory B-cells

  25. The Immune Response • First lines of defense • skin • mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts • Next: non-specific and specific immune processes • phagocytes, B-cells, helper T-cells Finally: killer T-cells destroy invaded cells

  26. Auto-immune Diseases • Rheumatoid arthritis: joints • Rheumatic fever: heart muscle • Multiple Sclerosis: myelin • Lupus erythematosus: skin and kidneys • Multiple Sclerosis: myelin on axons

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