بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

2. بسم الله ما شاء الله لا قوة إلا بالله، ما شاء الله كل نعمة من الله، ما شاء الله الخير كله بيد الله، ما شاء الله لا يصرف السوء إلا الله"

3. Course Code : Bio 106 Course Title : Biology

4. Workload: 5 hours per week: 3hr theoretical and 2hr practical

5. Distribution of grades Final theoretical exam 40Practicalexam 30First mid term exam 15Secondmid term exam 15

6. Welcome to biology Science Best wishes to enjoy with Course

7. Course Objectives • The main objective of this course is: To learn the fundamental of biology.

8. The main titles of biology course • 1. Introduction. • 2. Recognize the scope of biology and its relevance to medicine. • 3. Structure and function of animal cell organelles. • 4. Metabolism and enzymes.

9. 5. Mitotic and meiotic cell division. 6. Structure of DNA and protein synthesis. 7. Biotechnology and genetic engineering 8. Digestive system 9. Endocrinology and hormones 10. Reproductive system 11. Circulatory system 12. Nervous system

10. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy

11. What characteristics do define life? • All living organisms share in a family of basic characteristics. • Cellular organization • All organisms consist of one or more cells. Often too tiny to see, cells carry out the basic activities of living organisms. Each cell is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings.

12. 2. OrderAll living things are highly ordered. Your body is composed of many different kinds of cells, each containing many complex molecular structures.3. SensitivityAll organisms respond to stimuli. Plants grow toward a source of light, and your pupils dilate when you walk into a dark room.

13. 4. Growth, development, and reproduction All organisms are capable of growing and reproducing, and they all possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring, ensuring that the offspring are of the same species. 5. Energy utilization All organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work. Every muscle in your body is powered with energy you obtain from the food you eat.

14. 6. Evolutionary adaptation All organisms interact with other organisms and the environment in ways that influence survival, and as a consequence, organisms evolve adaptations to their environments. 7. Homeostasis All organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment, a process called homeostasis.

15. Hierarchial التسلسليالترتيبOrganization: • The organization of the biological world is hierarchial-that is, each level builds on the level below it. • The Cellular Level • At the cellular level, atoms الذرات, the fundamental elements of matter, are joined together into clusters called molecules الجزيئات. Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny structures called organelles العضياتwithin membrane-bounded units we call cells الخلايا.

16. 2. The Organismal Level: Cells are organized into three levels of organization. The most basic level is that of tissues, which are mostly made of groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit. Tissues, in turn, are grouped into organs. At the third level of organization, organs are grouped intoorgan systems.

17. 3. The Population Levelمستوي العشيرة Individualorganismsare organized into several levels within the living world. The most basic of these is the population, which is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. All the populations of a particular kind of organism together form a species, its members similar in appearance and able to interbreed. At a higher level of biological organization,a biological community consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place.

18. Structural Hierarchy التسلسل التركيبي