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Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy. Andrew Doering Minimally Invasive Surgery Lab University of Kentucky. Patient Presentation. A patient in need of a Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy may present with symptoms such as abdominal pain and abnormal uterine bleeding

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Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

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  1. Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Andrew Doering Minimally Invasive Surgery Lab University of Kentucky

  2. Patient Presentation • A patient in need of a Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy may present with symptoms such as abdominal pain and abnormal uterine bleeding • Possible causes of these symptoms include Fibroid Uterus, Adenomyosis, Endometrial Polyps, Endometrial Hyperplasia, Endometrial Cancer, and Endometriosis

  3. Alternative Treatments • Non-surgical management includes hormonal therapy and NSAIDs • A Dilatation & Curettage and Endometrial ablation can be performed if the patient does not want a hysterectomy

  4. Advantages of the Laparoscopic Technique • A hysterectomy can be completed through open, vaginal, and laparoscopic approaches • Total laparoscopic hysterectomies and vaginal hysterectomies have been found to result in decreased blood loss, shorter hospital and recovery periods, and fewer abdominal wall infections than open hysterectomies • The contraindications for a vaginal hysterectomy include prior abdominal surgery, long and narrow vagina, and endometriosis.

  5. Female Pelvic Anatomy • The uterus is located posterior and rostral to the bladder, typically in an anteverted position • The broad ligament of the uterus is composed of an anterior and posterior leaf and connects the sides of the uterus to the pelvic cavity • The ureters enter the pelvic cavity by crossing anterior to the iliac vessels • Within the pelvic cavity, the ureters travel within the cardinal ligament beneath the uterine arteries to reach the bladder

  6. Female Pelvic Anatomy

  7. Female Pelvic Anatomy

  8. Patient Positioning • The patient is placed in Trendelenburg position in order to give the surgeon better access to the pelvic organs • The patient’s arms are secured against their body • The patient’s legs are bent and placed in stirrups using caution to prevent compression on the lateral calf and thus peroneal nerve damage

  9. Operating Room Set Up • The anesthesiologist is located at the patient’s head • The surgeon stands on the left side of the patient. • There are assistants to the right of the patient and between the patient’s legs. • The scrub nurse is located to the left of the patient near the surgeon • Monitors are placed around the room so that each member of the operating team has a direct view of the video feed

  10. Operating Room Set Up

  11. Trocar Placement • A Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy typically uses three 11 mm trocars and an optional fourth 11 mm trocar. • The optical trocar is placed at the umbilicus. • Two operating trocars are placed lateral and inferior to the optical trocar within the oblique muscles. • A fourth operating trocar may be placed in the midline, inferior to optical trocar. This trocar allows for the placement of a bowel retractor which may be needed in obese patients who can not tolerate steep Trendelenburg positioning.

  12. Trocar Placement

  13. Instruments • 0° laparoscope • Uterine manipulator with colpotomy ring • 3-4 11 mm trocars • Insufflator • Harmonic Scalpel • Grasping Forceps • Endostitch Suturing Device • Lapra Ty’s

  14. Pelvic Cavity Prior to Surgery

  15. Procedure Outline • Dissection of the Utero-Ovarian Ligaments and Fallopian Tubes (left 9:00, right 15:00) • Dissection of the Round Ligament (left 10:00, right 16:50) • Dissection of the Anterior Leaf of the Broad Ligament and the EndopelvicFascia (17:30) • Dissection of Cardinal Ligaments (left 29:30, right 37:00) • Separation of the Uterus from the Vagina (46:15) • Removal of the Uterus and closure of the Vaginal Cuff (1:03:30)

  16. Utero-Ovarian Ligament and Fallopian Tube Dissection • The Utero-Ovarian Ligament and Fallopian Tube are bilaterally dissected with the Harmonic Scalpel during the same step • The dissection is carried out along the medial border of the ovary in order to prevent damage to the uterine veins • The uterine manipulator is used to push the uterus upward and to the contralateral side

  17. Fallopian Tube Dissection

  18. Round Ligament Dissection • The Round Ligament of the Uterus is bilaterally transected with the Harmonic Scalpel • The uterine manipulator is used to push the uterus upward and to the contralateral side

  19. Round Ligament Dissection

  20. Broad Ligament Dissection • The Broad Ligament is dissected with the Harmonic Scalpel in order to mobilize the bladder off of the anterior wall of the uterus • This dissection is carried out in the plane between the Anterior and Posterior Leaves of the Broad Ligament • Care must be taken to avoid damage to the bladder during this step • Adipose tissue indicates the location of the bladder and should not be dissected

  21. Broad Ligament Dissection

  22. Cardinal Ligament Dissection • The Cardinal Ligament is initially coagulated medially in order to control back bleeding from the Uterine Artery • The Cardinal Ligament is dissected with the Harmonic Scalpel along the border of the uterus with each cut being more medial than the next. This is done to prevent damage to the ureters • The uterine manipulator is used to push the uterus to the contralateral side

  23. Cardinal Ligament Dissection

  24. Separation of the Uterus and Vagina • At this point in the procedure, the uterus should have a whitish appearance due to lack of blood supply • The Uterus is separated from the Vagina by cutting along the colpotomy ring with the Harmonic Scalpel • The Harmonic Scalpel is used as a blade in this step • After complete separation, the uterus is removed through the vagina

  25. Separation of the Uterus and Vagina

  26. Closure of the Vaginal Cuff • The Vaginal Cuff is closed with the Endostitch Suturing Device and LapraTy’s • Irrigation is performed after closure of the Vaginal Cuff to check for bleeding

  27. Closure of Vaginal Cuff

  28. Pelvic Cavity After Surgery

  29. Complications • Injuries may occur during a Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy at two points: • During trocar placement • During dissection of the ligaments attaching the Uterus to the Pelvic Cavity

  30. Complications (continued) • During placement of the optical trocar, the surgeon must be aware of and avoid the Aorta and Vena Cava which are deep to the umbilicus. This is more of a concern with thin patients. • During placement of the operating trocars, the surgeon must be aware of and avoid the Inferior Epigastric Arteries.

  31. Complications (continued) • Within the Pelvic cavity, the surgeon must be aware of three structures: • Colon – is located posterior to the uterus and may be perforated by the surgical instruments • Bladder – is located anterior to the uterus and may be damaged during mobilization. A fistula may form between the bladder and vagina if it is not completely mobilized off of the uterus • Ureters – most often damaged during dissection of the cardinal ligaments and at the pelvic brim

  32. Post Operative Care • Patients typically go home the day of the surgery or the following morning • Patients are told to rest and relax • Patients normally resume their normal activities 2 – 3 weeks after the surgery

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