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The Worms

The Worms. Phylum Platyhelminthes. Phylum Nematoda. Phylum Annelida. Choanoflagellates. The Worm Characteristics. Bilateral symmetry – the simplest organisms to exhibit this type of symmetry Invertebrates – use hydrostatic pressure to provide structural support (made of water ).

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The Worms

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  1. The Worms Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda Phylum Annelida

  2. Choanoflagellates

  3. The Worm Characteristics • Bilateral symmetry – the simplest organisms to exhibit this type of symmetry • Invertebrates – use hydrostatic pressure to provide structural support (made of water). • Made of the three germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. • Undergo cephalization

  4. Choanoflagellates

  5. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Classes: • Class Cestoda - Tapeworms • Class Turbellaria - Planeria • Class Trematoda – Flukes

  6. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Examples: • Tapeworms • Planeria • Marine Flukes

  7. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Body Structure: • Flat • Lack segmentation • Acoelomate – no body cavity • ˂1 mm to many meters long • Definite head region • Live in aquatic environments or in/on other organisms

  8. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Digestion: • Mouth, Pharynx, digestive tract • Incompletedigestive tract which means no anus • Feed on algae, dead organisms, blood, etc.

  9. Label Your Flat Worm Diagram

  10. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Nervous System: • Central nervous system (simplest organism to possess one) – cluster of nerve ganglia that form a brain and two nerve cords • Light sensitive eyespots which are examples ofphotoreceptors. • Label Your Flatworm Diagram

  11. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Locomotion: • Contracting longitudinal muscles • Cilia on underside • Mucous lubricates organism to allow it to glide

  12. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Other Organ Systems: • Contains no true organs • No respiratory system • No excretory system • Absorption of oxygen occurs through diffusion

  13. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Sexual Reproduction: • Almost always hermaphroditic (monoecious) • Flatworms can exchangesperm to fertilize eggs internally • Zygotes are released, attached to weeds, and develop in cocoons • Hatch in 2-3 weeks • Label your flatworm diagram

  14. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Asexual Reproduction: • Fragmentation • Regeneration • Can attach to rough substrate and stretch its body into two pieces • Can be cut into and regenerate • Can self-fertilize if needed but prefer not to

  15. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Ecological Role: • Parasitic: have oral suckers/hooks to allow them to attach to a host • Symptoms include: headache, fever, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, extreme weightloss, abdominal pain, palpitations, swelling, tissue damage, etc. • How to prevent contraction: cleanliness, good hygiene, eating uncontaminated foods, cook foods thoroughly

  16. Choanoflagellates

  17. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Classes: • Class Enoplea – Trichina, Whipworm • Class Chromadorea - Hookworm, Ascaris, Pinworm, Heartworm

  18. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Body Structure: • Round • Lack segmentation • Psuedocoelomate – false body cavity • No circular muscles • Longitudinal muscles only (lengthwise down body) • Aquatic environments and other organisms

  19. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Digestion: • Completedigestive tract – mouth and anus are located in different locations • Have a mouth, a pharynx (throat), a long gut cavity, and an anus • Feed on dead organisms (plants and animals) and take nutrients from the organism in which they live

  20. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Nervous System: • Two nerves cords (dorsal and ventral) • Branch toward ganglia (the brain)

  21. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Locomotion (movement): • Thrash to allow contractions • Hydrostatic skeleton uses water for movement

  22. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Other Organ Systems: • No respiratory system – breathe through diffusion • No circulatory system • Excretory tubesthat transfer waste to anus

  23. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Sexual Reproduction: • Females produce eggs • Males produce sperm • Internal fertilization • Eggs are laid • Some hatch outside • Some hatch in host

  24. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms Ecological Roles: • Helps with decomposition • Add nutrients to the soil which is good for plants • Some attack insects, and help with insect population • Some nematodes are bred commercially and released for the control of certain insect pests as a biological insecticide.

  25. Phylum Nematoda – Loa Loa • African eye worm that means “worm worm” • Thought by some to be harmless. • Contracted by the bite of a deer fly or a mango fly

  26. Phylum Nematoda - Ascaris • Parasitic intestinal worm • Symptoms: fever, nausea, coughing, gagging, shortness of breath, abdominal cramps, vomiting, malnutrition, and death • Contracted by contaminated soils (barefoot/play) or uncooked foods; also, from person to person

  27. Phylum Nematoda - Hookworm • Intestinal (small intestine) parasite • Curved head that resembles a hook • Symptoms same as previous along with anemia and heart failure • Found in contaminated soils; burrows through skin, most commonly foot

  28. Phylum Nematoda - Pinworm • Most common parasite in the United States • Lives in large intestine • Symptoms: extreme itching, worms in stool (feces), pain around rectum • Easily spread and highly contagious through contact • Medicines found over-the-counter

  29. Phylum Nematoda - Trichina • Contracted by eating infected pork • Enters blood vessels and lymph nodes and are carried to muscles • Symptoms: fever, swelling of face and eyes, and serious muscle pain • Neck, chest, and limbs can swell if treatment is not sought

  30. Phylum Nematoda – Filarial Worms Elephantiasis: • Mosquito bites only • Causes a blockage of the lymphatic system (fluid builds up) • Enlargement of infected area (usually limbs or external genitalia) • Skin becomes dry, thick and pebbly • Fever, chills, extreme swelling

  31. Phylum Nematoda – Filarial Worms Heartworms: • The larvae enter the heart through the blood stream where they grow and reproduce until they clog the heart of their host and kill it. • Lethargy, cough, difficulty breathing, heart failure • Video

  32. Choanoflagellates

  33. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Examples: • Class Oligochaeta - Earthworm • Class Hirudinea - Leeches • Class Polychaetes - Bristle Worms

  34. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Examples: • Earthworm • Leeches • Bristle Worms

  35. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Body Structure: • Body divided into ring-like segments • Coelomate (has a true body cavity) • Look like a stack of donuts • Have circular muscles • Have longitudinal muscles

  36. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Body Structure: • Some worms, like polychaetes, have external, paddle-shaped structures called parapodia (leg-like structures) with chaetae or bristles • These polychaetes are aquatic and have external gills

  37. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Digestion: • Complete digestive tract –mouth and anus located at different locations • Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Crop, Gizzard, Intestine, and Anus

  38. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Circulatory System: • Closed circulatory system (10 aortic arches -5 pairs) • Oxygen is pumped throughout the body through the blood vessels

  39. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Respiration and Excretion: • Breathe through their skin though some have gills • Nephridia (kidneys) found in every segment to get rid of waste

  40. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Nervous System: • Has two structures that form the brain ganglia • The ventral and dorsal nerves extend down the body • Photoreceptors that detect light • Detect vibrations easily

  41. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Locomotion (movement): • Muscle contractions allow for movement (both circular and longitudinal) • Setaeare hair-like structures that push into the soil for anchoring during movement

  42. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Sexual Reproduction: • Some are hermaphroditic • Can receive sperm from other worms via the clitella • The clitella produces a cocoon from which fertilized eggs hatch

  43. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Asexual Reproduction: • Fragmentation and regeneration allows for the earthworm to regenerate the missing part

  44. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms Ecological Role: • Leeches stimulate circulation; saliva has an anticoagulant which causes free bleeding; treatment reduce swelling and prevents clotting

  45. You Need To know This!!!

  46. Phylum Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, & Annelida • Phylum Platyhelminthes • Flattened • Acoelomate • Genital Pore • Pharynx • Ganglion • Eyespots • Longitudinal Muscles • Cilia • Segmented • Coelomate • Parapodia • Chaetae • Internal Fertilization • Fragmentation • Regeneration • Phylum Nematoda • Rounded • Pseudocoelomates • Circular Muscles • Parasitic • Phylum Annelida • Aortic Arches • Nephridia • Setae • Clitellum

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