The American Civil War: 1862-5

1. The American Civil War: 1862-5

2. The Invasion of New Mexico • General Sibley (CSA) with 3,000 men go north • Santa Fe falls to them • Defeated at Glorietta Pass by Colorado and New Mexico forces

3. The War in the West

5. The Fall of the First Line of Defense: Union Ascendant, Spring 1862 • Mill Spring: January, 1862 • Collapse of eastern anchor • Forts Henry and Donelson: February 6-16, 1862. • Collapse of the center • Rise of Grant begins • Pea Ridge:6 Mar 1862 - 8 Mar 1862 • Collapse of the western anchor • Missouri henceforth firmly in Union hands

6. Pea Ridge: Main Action

7. The Confederate Plan at Shiloh

8. Battle of Shiloh: April 6-7, 1861 • Albert Sidney Johnson + Beauregard (45,000) vs. Grant (49,000) • Initial Plan is Basically Stupid, but surprise is total • Grant driven back to Pittsburgh Landing • Buell reinforces overnight (17,000); Johnson dies • Counterattack crushes Confederates

9. After Shiloh • Halleck Takes Over • Month-long crawl to Corinth • The Fall of New Orleans (April-May, 1862) • Victory for the Navy

11. The Peninsular Campaign (March-July 1862) • General McClellan goes south with 121,000 men • Slow Progress up the Peninsula • Battle of Seven Pines (May 31, 1862): Joe Johnson (CSA, 55,000) vs. III and IV Corps (33,000) • Overly complex plan fails; many troops are lost; Joe Johnson is injured and replaced by Robert E. Lee.

12. The Valley Campaign (March-June 1862) • Stonewall Jackson takes 17,000 men to Shenandoah Valley to threaten Washington • Fights off 50,000 soldiers in 5 battles • Draws away strength from McClellan • Then Returns to Help Lee

13. Seven Days' Battles (June 26th-July 2, 1862)

14. Seven Days' Battles (June 26th-July 2, 1862) • Lee attempts to cut off and destroy pieces of McClellan's army • Stonewall Jackson is mostly useless • Overly complex plans go awry • McClellan escapes but his will to fight is broken

15. Summer-Fall 1862: Lee’s Counterattack • Second Bull Run (August 29-30) • General Pope is Crushed • McClellan retreats to Washington • Overreach—The Antietam Campaign (September, 1862) • Lee Invades Maryland • Protect Virginia Harvest • Hope for foreign intervention

17. Lee in Maryland • Lee disperses to live off land; expects McClellan to be slow • But McClellan finds his plans and strikes fast • Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862) • A tie, but Lee retreats • Bloodiest Day of the Civil War • Leads to Emancipation Proclamation and firing of McClellan

19. Summer-Fall 1862: Bragg’s Counterattack • Bragg uses railroads to move to Eastern Tennessee with great speed, unites with Kirby Smith • They invade Kentucky, forcing Union General Buell to chase them into Kentucky • Kentucky does not rise to join Confederacy as Bragg hoped.

20. Battle of Perryville (October 8, 1862) • 16,000 Union vs. 22,000 Confederates • Battle is a tie • But Bragg retreats, afraid to press his advantage • This begins turning his subordinates against him and will be a pattern • Buell saves Kentucky, but the Union fails to take Chattanooga and has lost ground.

21. A War Against Slavery? • Most originally fight for Union, not end of Slavery • Some commanders try to enact anti-slavery without authorization • Confiscation Act of 1862—Seize land and slaves of traitors!

22. The War To End Slavery! • Antietam allows Emancipation Proclamation • All slaves in Confederate lands are now free! • But not ones in loyal lands

23. Corps d'Afrique Recruited in Louisiana First Black Soldiers Black Soldiers • 180,000 soldiers • 20,000 sailors. • 80% were ex-slaves • Segregated Units with White Officers

24. Unit fights on through 1865 Battery Wagner • Subject of movie “Glory” • 54th Massachusetts, first Northern Black unit leads the attack • 116 dead + Commander, 156 Injured or Captured

25. The Life of the Soldier: FoodThe Daily Ration (Union) • (3/4ths of a pound of pork or bacon) or 1.25 pounds of fresh or salt beef • 18 ounces of fresh bread or .75 pounds of hardtack (2-3 large 'crackers') or 1.25 pounds of cornmeal • Each 100 men get • eight quarts of peas or beans or ten pounds of rice, ten pounds of coffee or one and a half pounds of tea, fifteen pounds of sugar, four quarts of vinegar, and two quarts of salt.

26. The Life of the Soldier: FoodThe Daily Ration (Confederate) • Same as Union ration...in theory. Often smaller. • Most commonly issued cornmeal for a grain • Substitutions had to be made for items (such as beer made from sassafras or potatos)

27. Other Food Sources • Scavenging the Countryside • Sometimes heavily restricted • Sometimes officially sanctioned • The Sutler • Licensed vendor of food and other items • Sometimes pillaged by angry soldiers

28. Military Food • Coffee: • Unground beans for Union • Substitutes for Confederates: Acorns, Okra, etc. • Hardtack: Union dry biscuit, often stale • Skillygalee: salted pork fried with hardtack crumbled into the mixture • Confederates usually ate Johnnycake--made with bacon grease, cornmeal, salt, sugar, and water

29. Military Food II • Fresh Bread: When armies camped, you got fresh bread • Salt Beef or Pork: Often hard to eat; usually made into stew • Scurvy: Diet was unhealthy • Dehydrated vegetables added • Dry vegetables (potatoes) • Onions: Also used for powder burns

30. Canning • Invented in Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) • Huge improvements vastly raise production • Many brands still exist today

31. Cooking • 5 men / 100 would cook • Sandwiches and Stews • Tools had to be improvised

32. Lee’s Reign of Terror: Two Victories in the East • Fredericksburg: December 13, 1862. • Ambrose Burnside launches suicidal frontal attack on Lee. 10% casualty rate • Chancellorsville:May 1-4, 1863. • Flank attack crushes “Fighting” Joe Hooker • But Stonewall Jackson is killed

33. Gettysburgh

34. The Gettysburg Campaign • Hubris and the desire for foreign intervention send Lee north to Pennsylvania • The armies stumble into each other at Gettysburg • 3 days of battle ensue (July 1-3, 1863) • Both sides lose 23,000 men killed, captured or wounded • Lee retreats; glory days are over

36. Grant vs. Vicksburg (I) • Attack from the North fails due to cavalry raids • Various expedients to bypass Vicksburg fail • Grant's Gamble: Sail ships past Vicksburg at night, then cross downstream

37. Grant vs. Vicksburg II • Grant: 44,000 • Pemberton (CSA): 30,000 • Joe Johnson (CSA): 6,000 • April 29, 1863: Grant crosses the Mississippi and takes Grand Gulf • May 14, 1863: Grant crushes Johnson at Jackson; Johnson flees east • May 16-17th: Champion's Hill, Grant defeats Pemberton, forces him west

38. Vicksburg and Port Hudson • Downstream, General Banks besieges Port Hudson • Siege of Vicksburg: May 18-July 4, 1863 • Huge victory for the Union; Pemberton surrenders whole army

39. Rosencrans vs. Chattanooga • Rosencrans is very cautious, often slow as a result • Murfeesboro: (31 Dec 1862 - 2 Jan 1863). • First offensive • Huge tie battle of Bragg (CSA) vs Rosencrans (USA) • Armies hang out until September 1863

40. The Chickamauga Campaign • September 1863: Rosencrans maneuvers Bragg out of Chattanooga without firing a shot. • Reinforcements from Lee sent to Bragg. • Battle of Chickamauga (September 19th, 1863): Bragg and Longstreet crush Rosencrans • Siege of Chattanooga begins

41. Grant Saves Chattanooga • Grant comes East, takes command • Grant breaks the siege • Bragg heads south; Grant now commands entire West.

43. Whiggism Triumphant • The Homestead Act of 1862 • 160 acres of public land if you farm it 5 years • 420,000 square miles given out by 1975. • The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 • Each state given 30,000 acres of land per Congressman as of 1860 to fund co-ed colleges focused on military tactics, agriculture, and science

44. Whiggism Triumphant II • The Protective Tariff of 1862 • Triples taxes on imported European goods • Raises money for war; protects US industries • National Bank Act of 1863 • Creates Office of Comptroller of the Currency • The Office charters and regulates 'National' Banks • Used to create a uniform currency and ensure higher banking standards

45. Whiggism Triumphant III • Government tends to back strikebreaking • Government war contracts make some super-rich and there is a lot of graft in contracting • Unlike the South, the North can easily buy war goods without mass economic regulation

46. Suppressing Dissent • The New York Draft Riot • Civil Liberties Curtailed • Suspensions of Habeas Corpus • Suppression of Free Speech and Assembly • Copperheads • Radical Republicans

47. Grant Takes Command: March 1864 • Simultaneous Onslaught • Army of the Potomac (Meade) moves south towards Richmond • Army of the James (Butler) moves to the Peninsula and moves up it to take Richmond from the rear. • Armies of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee (united under Sherman) move together against Atlanta. • Banks’ Corps moves from Louisiana to invade the gulf and attack Mobile. • Hunter’s Corps moves against Southwestern Virginia. • Grant Goes South

49. “We cannot withstand a siege”: Grant Takes Virginia • Many in Army of Potomac resent Grant's presence. • Lee must win fast; his reserves are low • The Wilderness: May 5-6. • Lee attempts to break Grant • But Grant just shrugs and heads South • Spotsylvania Courthouse: 7 May 1864 - 19 May 1864. • From here on out, Lee must fortify; no more offensives.

50. The Siege of Richmond and Petersburg • Grant suffers high casualties (55,000 in one month) • Lee's back is to the wall • Grant besieges Petersburg, which controls Richmond's rail connections • A battle of attrition • In the long term, Lee cannot win this