solstice

1. solstice This winter solstice, let us cheer the days' gradual movement back toward light. The winter solstice is when the sun reaches its lowest point in the sky at noon, marked by the shortest day. (sol = sun stite = stationary, stop) Everyone should remember the irreplaceable value of darkness. irreplaceable impossible to replace or substitute if lost or damaged (ir = not also in= not) carcinogen The World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen. a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. (from Karkinos = crab) unanimous American Medical Association has voiced its unanimous support for light pollution reduction efforts. fully in agreement (unus = one, animous = mind/soul/life)

2. The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular animals. crepuscular animals active or appearing at twilight Simply put, without darkness, Earth's ecology would collapse. ecology the branch of biology dealing with relationships of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. (oikos = home logy = study of related words: economy) Consider how it brings us together with those we love, how we illuminate our most intimate experiences with flame or moonlight, with subtlety. subtlety understated, delicately precise, complex, difficult to describe, or clever and indirect (from subtillis = fine delicate) technology New lighting technologies and shielding existing lights are two ways to solve the problem. machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge (tekhne = art/craft logos = study of)

3. There are moths that pollinate 80% of the world's flora. Pollinate Bring or deposit pollen (powdery substance from from male part of flower needed to be transferred to female part for reproduction)

4. solstice The winter solstice is when the sun reaches its lowest point in the sky at noon, marked by the shortest day. (sol = sun stite = stationary, stop) Irreplaceable impossible to replace or substitute if lost or damaged (ir = not also in= not) carcinogen a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. (from Karkinos = crab) unanimous (fully in agreement (unus = one, animous = mind/soul/life)

5. crepuscular animals active or appearing at twilight ecology the branch of biology dealing with relationships of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. (oikos = home logy = study of related words: economy) understated, delicately precise, complex, difficult to describe, or clever and indirect (from subtillis = fine delicate) subtlety technology machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge (tekhne = art/craft logos = study of)

6. solstice Irreplaceable carcinogen unanimous

7. crepuscular ecology subtlety technology

8. The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and __________animals. crepuscular Simply put, without darkness, Earth’s _______ would collapse. ecology Consider how it brings us together with those we love, how we illuminate our most intimate experiences with flame or moonlight, with _______. subtlety technology New lighting __________ and shielding existing lights are two ways to solve the problem.

9. solstice This winter _______, let us cheer the days' gradual movement back toward light. Everyone should remember the __________ value of darkness. Irreplaceable carcinogen The World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human ______________. unanimous American Medical Association has voiced its ___________ support for light pollution reduction efforts.

10. Where did the word Cancer come from? https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130754101 From Science Friday on NPR Radio with Ira Flatow Dr. MARKEL: Well, it is a constellation. But before that, it was and is a crab. And, you know, when you're starting with medical origins, it's a good bet to start with Hippocrates because he was around very early. And some time about 400 B.C., he was examining many cancer patients with what we'd call today end-stage cancer.  FLATOW: Mm-hmm.  Dr. MARKEL: And he applied the Greek word karkinos, which means crab. A lot of explanations, all of them equally wonderful and all of them equally difficult to prove, but why did he use that? And if you examine a tumor, if you actually feel malignant tumor, you'll note that it's hard as a rock. And so some have explained that it reminded him of the hard shell of a crab. But others have said it may remind him of - may have reminded him of the pain that a malignant tumor induces. It's much like the sharp pinch of a crab's claw. And an even better version is that it suggests the tenacity with which, you know, a crab bites you... FLATOW: Right. Right.  Dr. MARKEL: ...and refuses to let go. And that reminded Hippocrates and other doctors how stubborn these things were to remove.

11. About 47 A.D., however, the Greco-Roman philosopher Celsus -he was not a doctor, but he wrote a very important encyclopedia of medicine - he named it cancer, because that's the Latin equivalent of crab and so the word remains to this day.  And then about 100 years later, another very famous doctor named Galen extended that Hippocratic metaphor even further. He was dissecting on a breast tumor. He noticed all the veins and tributaries of malignancy around that mass, and he said it looks just like a crab's legs extending outward from every part of its body.  And so the term really stuck. Even though doctors for many hundreds of years didn't really know what caused it or to distinguish it from many other diseases that also had oozing, non-healing sores and things like that.