Author Cocitation Analysis: An Introduction

1. Author Cocitation Analysis: An Introduction Sean Eom

2. Introduction • Cumulative Research Tradition • Tracing the intellectual linkage • The process of referencing

3. Bibliometrics & ACA • Bibliometrics, Statistical Bibliography • The application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication • Purposes • to shed light on the processes of the nature and course of development of a discipline, by means of counting and analyzing the various facets of written communications (Prichard 1969).

4. When does the cocitation occur? • When a citing paper cites any work of authors in reference lists • Ref. of Paper #1 Ref. of Paper #2 Ref. of Paper #3 • Ackoff Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Applegate Blanning • Blanning Applegate • Blanning Whinston • Blanning • Whinston

5. Sample Cocitation Matrix Ackoff Applegate Bonczek Blanning Whinston • Ackoff • Applegate • Bonczek • Blanning • Whinston

6. Ackoff Applegate Bonczek Blanning Whinston • Ackoff • Applegate 1 • Bonczek 1 0 • Blanning 2 0 2 • Whinston 2 1 1 2

7. Author Cocitation Analysis • "a set of data gathering, analytical, and graphical display techniques that can be used to produce empirical maps of prominent authors in various areas of scholarship" (McCain 1990)

8. When does the cocitation occur? • When a citing paper cites any work of authors in reference lists • Ref. of Paper #1 Ref. of Paper #2 Ref. of Paper #3 • Ackoff Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Ackoff Ackoff • Bonczek Applegate Blanning • Blanning Applegate • Blanning Whinston • Blanning • Whinston

10. Can you see the trunk, branches, and the roots of the tree?

11. ACA: A Tool for Digging Up the Roots, Trunks, Branches

12. ACA is a tool • To study of the evolution of an academic discipline. • to understand how it evolved from the earliest times to the present; • to identify the continuing lines of research (cumulative research tradition) as a basis of extending other’s research to build the fundamental theories.

13. Assumptions of ACA • Bibliographic citations are an acceptable surrogate for the actual influence of various information sources. (McCain 1986). • the greater the number of times a pair of documents/authors are cited together, the more likely it is that they are related in content. • the cocitation analysis of a field yields a valid representation of the intellectual structure of the field (Bellardo 1980; McCain 1984; McCain 1990; Smith 1981).

14. Purposes • ACA is the principal bibliometric tool to establish relationships among authors in an academic field and thus can identify subspecialties of a field and how closely each subgroup is related to each of the other subgroups.

15. Overview of the System I developed

18. Advantages of the System I developed • First, the system we are introducing here has the capability to access to the non-primary authors of cited references. • Second, the alternative approach we introduce here can be a more effective tool for identifying the intellectual structure of an academic field accurately. • Third, the system is a tool for identifying the reference disciplines of a field.

19. Overview of the ACA Steps

21. Overview of SAS Procedures

22. A Matrix of Factor Loadings with Eigen values and communality

23. Rotated Factor Pattern

25. computed relative distance

27. Ackoff Churchman Mason Mitroff CL32 CL18 CL15 CL71 Cyert March Sage Stabell Newell Simon Mintzberg Raisinghani Theoret CL7 CL12 Slovic Tversky Payne Einhorn Hogarth CL5 CL16 Alavi KingW Robey Swanson Ives Lucas Zmud DavisG OlsonM CL30 CL22 CL4 CL3 Huysmans Bariff Lusk Chervany Schroeder Todd Remus Benbasat Dexter McIntyre Sharda Hackathorn Stohr Bennett Alter Keen Scott Morton Carlson Anthony Gorry Sprague Naylor Donovan Little Ariav Ginzberg Courtney Sanders McLean Meador Rockart Hogue WatsonH Basu Dutta Binbasioglu Krishnan Stohr Liang Geoffrion JonesCV CL13 CL43 Kottemann Blanning Dolk MillerLW Elam Henderson Whinston Bonczek Holsapple Turban Watkins CL2 CL6 CL8 CL9 Hayes-Roth DavisR Shortliffe Buchanan CL11 CL33 Shakun Bui Jarke Jelassi Eom LeeS Dyer Wallenius Zionts Keeney Raiffa CL1 Malone Konsynski Applegate Nunamaker Janis Huber DeSanctis Gallupe Dickson Jarvenpaaa Gustafson Delbecq Van DeVen CL17 CL23 CL14 CL19 Kull Beauclair Gray LewisF Steeb Johansen Hiltz Turoff Kraemer KingJ Kiesler McGuire Dubrovsky Siegel McGrath Hackman ShawME Pinsonneault RaoVS Zigurs Poole WatsonR CL10 CL110 Connolly Valacich Jessup Vogel Dennis George McGoff Heminger Growhowski Martz Stabell Lengel Bobrow Stefik Lanning Foster Suchman

28. Systems Science Organization Science Cognitive Science Implementation User Interface Foundations Model Management Artificial Intelligence MCDSS MCDM GDSS Communication Organization Science Psychology Artificial Intelligence

29. The configuration of points is the relative location of all the points in Euclidean space.

34. Conclusions • ACA is a tool for mapping the scholarly landscape of an academic discipline. • The three main needs for establishing the study of MIS as a coherent academic discipline suggested by Keen ---identification of dependant variables, clarification of reference disciplines and building a cumulative tradition. • ACA can be used to clarification of reference disciplines and building a cumulative tradition.