1.6 Do all areas suffer from tectonic hazards in the same way?

1. 1.6 Do all areas suffer from tectonic hazards in the same way? Part A

2. What has been done to minimize losses caused by tectonic hazards? Monitoring and warning systems These five conditions help reduce losses during tectonic hazards. Education and drills Hazard-proof structures Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams Land use planning

3. Insurance Co. Earthquake insurance US $100,000 6 Other measures Other measures include: Disaster aid Emergency funds Insurance

4. In Part B, we will explore the effectiveness of these measures in different countries.

5. 1 Monitoring and warning systems A For earthquakes Scientists predict earthquakes by the following ways: Analyzing past records of earthquakes Using seismographs to monitor earthquakes Relying on satellites to detect slight movement in the ground Using seismograph for detecting movement below the earth’s crust (Credit: Reuters/OTHK)

6. 1 Monitoring and warning systems A For earthquakes Can scientists really predict earthquakes? Scientists use the information obtained to predict： - the time and placeof occurrence, and - the scaleof possible earthquakes. Recent successful example:The strong earthquake near Sumatra in March 2005 Impact:Fewer deaths than expected

7. 1 Monitoring and warning systems B For volcanic eruptions Instruments are installed to detect the following signs of imminent activity from the volcano: The composition of gases emitted from the craters The seismic activity Changes in the temperature and the pressure levels in the volcanoes Aerial view, the Three Sisters volcanoes in Oregon, the USA The tilting and swelling of the volcano (Credit: Lyn Topinka/USGS) The level of ground water

8. 1 Monitoring and warning systems B For volcanic eruptions (Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS) Helicopter dropping off a portable telemetered stationsin the crater of Mount St. Helens (Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)

9. 1 Monitoring and warning systems B For volcanic eruptions GPS (Global Positioning System) stations have been installed on or around volcanoes to measure any deformation of the ground surface that might accompany an intense swarm of earthquakes (Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)

10. 1 Monitoring and warning systems B For volcanic eruptions Can scientists really predict volcanic eruptions? Scientists predict eruptions by: observing the signs from the volcanoes; studying the history and the geological structure of the volcanoes Successful example: The eruption of Mount St Helens in the USA in 1981 Impact: It helped minimize loss of life.

11. 1 Monitoring and warning systems C For tsunamis Data are transmitted to the tsunami warning centres Scientists monitor tsunamis by buoys, satellites and ocean-bottom tsunami gauges. Data are transmitted to the satellite The gauges can detect the height of waves in the oceans. Data are sent to the buoy station NOAA website explaining how a tsunami warning system works Please click to browse online Sensor for detecting vibrations on the sea floor

12. 1 Monitoring and warning systems C For tsunamis In addition, international/regional/ local tsunami warning systemshave been set up in these places: The Pacific Ocean The Indian Ocean Chile Peru Japan Thailand Indonesia

13. 2 Hazard-proof structures A For earthquake-prone regions What is the special function of the outstanding look of this building? The building has adopted earthquake-proof designs. It helps reduce the number of injuries and deaths in earthquakes. The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, the USA (Credit: Charles E. Rotkin/Corbis)

14. 2 Hazard-proof structures A For earthquake-prone regions Houses are built with ______-proof technology and ______-resistant material shock ( Hard / Soft ) storey What are the characteristics of earthquake-proof buildings? fire Height is strictly controlled Steel frames are used instead of just concrete and stone Foundation is sunk deep into the bedrock Reinforced steel foundation

15. 2 Hazard-proof structures B For eruption-prone regions In eruption-prone regions, roofs are specially designed. Structures are established to keep lava flows away from settlements. Lava flow Barrier is erected to stop the lava flow Channel is built to divert lava flow from settlement Steep-sided roofs to shed the ash Measures to reduce losses from lava flows

16. 2 Hazard-proof structures B For eruption-prone regions Which design is more suitable for places that may be struck by tsunamis? Sea walls are used to protect the coast against tsunamis. Design A Design B What are special about tsunami-proof designs for buildings and coasts? Ground floor is used as car parks. This allows water to pass through more easily when the big waves come.

17. 2 Hazard-proof structures B For eruption-prone regions The following structures are established to protect people against tsunamis in Japan: (Credit: International Tsunami Information Centre) Elevated platform used for tsunami evacuation in Okushiri Island, Japan A sea wall in Shizuoka, Japan, with gate. The gate will close if a tsunami is anticipated (Credit: Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis)

18. EXIT 3 Land use planning Implement the following land use policies in tectonic hazard-prone areas: Avoid building facilities with potential dangers Impose laws governing the height and structure of buildings Establish an evacuation route with adequate road signs at the urban-planning stage

19. 3 Land use planning A For earthquake-prone regions Describe the land use characteristics at the Osaka Castle area in Japan. Emergency evacuation map of Osaka Castle area, Japan

20. 3 Land use planning A For earthquake-prone regions Schools are designed as evacuation or shelter centres (Credit: Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis)

21. 3 Land use planning B For volcanic areas Volcanic hazard-zone maps are drawn to show the areas that may possibly be affected by lava flow and mudflow during volcanic eruptions

22. 3 Land use planning Which two volcanoes may cause more serious hazards? B For volcanic areas It helps prepare emergency evacuation plans and avoids structures to be constructed along these routes

23. 3 Land use planning C For tsunami-prone areas How can such design reduce losses caused by tsunamis? Prepare routes for mass evacuation to higher ground Coastal evacuation road Woodland reserves Monitoring station (tsunami proof) Reduce the speed and energy of an advancing tsunami Monitor tsunamis at the frontline • In hazard-prone areas: • Lower the population density • Avoid economic development Settlement on highland Highest water level recorded in past tsunamis Beach A channel to hold incoming water As a buffer Sea

24. 4 Education and drills Education helps raise publicawareness of tectonic hazards Example Japan Students are taught about what they should do ( before / during / after ) a hazard. Regular large-scale earthquake drills for the general public are also held. An earthquake drill held in Japan (Credit: Reuters/OTHK)

25. 5 Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams Advantages of having well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams: Injured people have a better chance of being saved Fewer people killed by disease, starvation, dirty water, etc. after hazards A German rescue team used advanced equipment to detect the presence of survivors in the 1999 Turkey earthquake (Credit: Reuters/OTHK)