1 / 47

Memory

Thoughts About Memory. Memory is the thing you forget with.. Information-Processing Model of Memory. Forgetting can occur from any memory stageRetrieval puts information from LTM into STMMoving information from Sensory memory to STM requires attention Moving information from STM to LTM requires p

ryu
Download Presentation

Memory

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. Memory Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides �1999 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D. These slides �1999 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.

    2. Thoughts About Memory Memory is the thing you forget with. Taken from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Taken from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    3. Information-Processing Model of Memory Forgetting can occur from any memory stage Retrieval puts information from LTM into STM Moving information from Sensory memory to STM requires attention Moving information from STM to LTM requires proper encoding Figure 6. from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 6. from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    4. Sensory Memory

    5. Echoic Memory Figure 6.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (Whole number 11), 1-29. Figure 6.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (Whole number 11), 1-29.

    6. Iconic Memory Figure 6.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (Whole number 11), 1-29. Figure 6.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (Whole number 11), 1-29.

    7. Saccadic Eye Movements Figure 6.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (Whole number 11), 1-29. Figure 6.3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (Whole number 11), 1-29.

    8. Duration of Sensory Memory Less than 1 second. Connects the present with the very recent. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    9. Working Memory (STM)

    10. Capacity of Working Memory 7 items �2 In 1956, Miller wrote a classic article called The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    11. Duration of Working Memory Information in working memory will decay within 20 seconds without rehearsal. Information can be held in working memory indefinitely through maintenance rehearsal. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    12. Remember These Numbers 6 3 9 7 6 4 8 5 4 7 3 2 7 8 7 4 8 9 4 5 7 Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    14. Remember These Numbers 639-7648 547-3278 748-9457 Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    15. Maintenance Rehearsal Re-exposure to the information being learned. Maintains information in working memory. Transfers information to Long-term Memory. Figure 6.11 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Craik, K., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.Figure 6.11 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Craik, K., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.

    16. Can You Recognize a Penny? Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.

    17. Can You Recognize a Penny? Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.

    18. Can You Recognize a Penny? Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.

    19. Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.

    20. Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.Figure 6.19 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The correctly drawn penny is A Source: Nickerson, R.S., & Adams, M.J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 287-307.

    21. Long-Term Memory

    22. Capacity of Long-Term Memory No one knows for sure. Most agree that it is really big! Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    23. Duration of Long-Term Memory No one knows for sure. Some feel that LTM is permanent. Others feel that when info is forgotten from LTM it is lost and must be relearned. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    24. Elaborative Rehearsal Forming meaningful associations between information in working memory and existing information in LTM. Figure 6.11 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Craik, K., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.Figure 6.11 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Craik, K., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.

    25. Elaborative Rehearsal The distinction between working memory & LTM is artificial. The key to the length and type of retention involves the level of processing Maintenance rehearsal is shallow processing while elaborative rehearsal is deep level processing. Figure 6.11 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Craik, K., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.Figure 6.11 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Craik, K., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.

    26. Factors That Affect Memory

    27. Factors That Affect Memory

    28. Factors That Affect Memory

    29. Factors That Affect Memory

    30. Serial Position Effect

    31. Factors That Affect Memory

    32. Factors That Affect Memory

    33. Factors That Affect Memory

    34. Factors That Affect Memory

    36. Elizabeth Loftus

    37. Elizabeth Loftus

    38. Semantic Networks Figure 6.13 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 6.13 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    39. Brain and Memory The limbic system is critical for memory formation and recall Hippocampus Amygdala Figure 6.14 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 6.14 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    40. Why Do We Forget Stuff? Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense syllables (MJK, ZRW) and tested his ability to recall them over time. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    41. Ebbinghaus� Forgetting Curve Figure 6.17 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. (H. Roger & C. Bussenius, Trans.). New York: Teachers College Press. (Original work published 1885.)Figure 6.17 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. (H. Roger & C. Bussenius, Trans.). New York: Teachers College Press. (Original work published 1885.)

    42. Why Do We Forget Stuff? Temporal decay- Memory traces simply weaken over time. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198. Figure 6.7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Peterson, L.R., & Peterson, M.J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.

    43. Sleep Minimizes Forgetting Subjects learned nonsense syllabus for several days Some days they slept after learning; other days awake Figure 6.20 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Jenkins, J. G., & Dallenbach, K.M. (1924). Oblivescence during sleep and waking. American Journal of Psychology, 35, 615-612.Figure 6.20 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Jenkins, J. G., & Dallenbach, K.M. (1924). Oblivescence during sleep and waking. American Journal of Psychology, 35, 615-612.

    44. Interference and Forgetting Figure 6.21 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Figure 6.21 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    46. Motivated Forgetting

    47. Motivated Forgetting

    48. Motivated Forgetting

More Related