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Expectancies, peer-influences and social determinants regarding alcohol use in young people

Expectancies, peer-influences and social determinants regarding alcohol use in young people. Stephan Van den Broucke UC Louvain. Symposium on «  Binge Drinking in Belgian Minors: an innocent problem? Palace of the Academies Brussels, 8 November 2011. Background.

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Expectancies, peer-influences and social determinants regarding alcohol use in young people

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  1. Expectancies, peer-influences and social determinants regarding alcohol use in young people Stephan Van den Broucke UC Louvain Symposium on « Binge Drinkingin Belgian Minors: an innocent problem? Palace of the Academies Brussels, 8 November 2011

  2. Background College or university is the place where adolescents learn to drink alcohol

  3. Percentage heavy episodic drinking in the past month, ages 18-20 and 21-24, in college versus noncollege persons, 1998, 2002, and 2005 (Hingson, 2009) Studies among university students reveal • a high level of alcohol consumption • a high level of problematic use, particularly binge drinking Source: National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health.

  4. Alcohol education as a solution? N= 26 N= 18 N= 14 Source: Bangert-Drowns, R.L. (1988). Journal of Drug Education, 18, 243-264.

  5. To address the problem of student binge drinking it is necessary to investigate the factors that influence it

  6. Factors influencing student alcohol abuse • Individual • expectancies • attitudes • control perceptions • Sensationseekingand risk takingtendency • personal stress • Social • family • peers • perceivednorms • Institutional • availability andprice • rulesandregulations • Societal • culturalhabits • economicconditions Dahlgren & Whitehead (1991)

  7. Objectives of the presentation • Document the individua and social factors that influence problematic alcohol use (including binge drinking) • Highlight the contribution of own research Most published research on determinants of alcohol use has been carried out in the US

  8. Determinants of alcohol use considered • Cognitive determinants • Alcohol expectancies • Attitudes • Refusal self-efficacy • Peer influences • Peer pressure • Perceived norms

  9. Alcohol expectancies • The cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes an individual expects to occur due to drinking • Expectancies vary between persons • Expectancies can be positive or negative Positive : improved social contact, sexual enhancement, relaxation, assertion Negative: loss of responsibility, decreased performance • Positive expectancies are believed to motivate to drink alcohol Drinking motives are the most proximate factor that precedes alcohol use, and are the gateway through which expectancies impact on use • Findings from literature reviews • Fewer positive alcohol expectancies are associated with fewer binge drinking episodes among young adults • Negative alcohol expectancies are not related to binge drinking Courtney E, Polich J (2009), Psychological bulletin 135 (1), 142-156.

  10. Alcohol expectancies in Belgian students • Study among 492 students of the UCL • 277 psychology students and 215 engeneering • 213 male, 279 female • Online questionnaire • French adaptation of the AEQ-A • 4 expectancies : • Relaxation and facilitating social contact • Improved physical and mental abilities • Enhanced sensations • Loss of control • Findings • males student have higher scores on positive expectancies than female students • psychology and engineering students have different expectancies Darcheville (2012)

  11. Attitudes • A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor (Eagly & Chaiken, 1995) Based on outcome beliefs, the subjective value of the outcomes, and the perceived probability that the outcome will occur • Reviews of community prevention strategies indicate that having favorable attitudes toward substance use is associated with binge drinking among adolescents Collins et al. (2007). Substance Use Misuse, 42(6), 985-1007

  12. Self-efficacy and perceived control • The measure of the belief in one's own ability of performing a given behavior • Appliedto alcohol useandbingedrinking: the ability to refuse drinks easily or to stop drinking • Is believedtoinfluenceanindividuals’ drinkingintentionsandultimately the behaviour • Numerous studies have demonstrated an inverse association between drinking refusal self-efficacy anddrinkingbehavior

  13. Attitudes and perceived control combined • Theory of Planned Behaviour

  14. TPB tested among Belgian students Study among 192 students of the KU Leuven • recruited via the studentmedical service • 53% human sciences, 24% exact sciencesand 22% biomedicalsciences • 43% male, 57% female • Pen-and-paper questionnaire (validated) Van Campenhout (2013)

  15. Attitudes and perceived control combined • Behaviour Reasoning Theory

  16. BRT tested among Belgian students Study among 547 students of the UCL • 418 online, 129 in auditorium • 218 for 2ndcompletion • Differentfaculties(economics and political sciences, psychology, other) • 242 male, 304 female • Online/pen-and-paper questionnaire De Waele & Godfrin (2013)

  17. Reasons for and against drinking

  18. Peer influences • The influence of other students on alcohol use and binge drinking can be • Direct: offering alcohol and/or insist on drinking • Indirect: setting social norms • Descriptive norms: What other people do • Injunctive norms: What other people approve of • Reviews indicate that binge or risky drinking among adolescents is associated with • having close friends who consumed alcohol in the past month • excessive drinking among peers Gilligan et al. Alcohol, 47(3), 349-354.

  19. Peer influences tested in Belgian students Study among 282 students of the UCL • Differentfaculties(psychology, bio-enginieering) • 246 women (87.23%); 36 men (12.77%) • Online questionnaire measuring direct offer, perceivedinjunctivenorms, perceiveddescriptivenormsand alcohol consumption • Distinction between non-binge drinkers (19.1%), binge drinkers (72.3%) and frequent binge drinkers (8.5%) Kumst (2013)

  20. Conclusion • Alcohol expectancies, attitudes, self-efficacy, direct peer pressureandperceivednormsallcontributeto alcohol consumptionandtobingedrinking • The relativeimportance of the determinantsvaries • For alcohol useandbingedrinking • Betweensubgroups (gender) • Prevention campaigns and strategies need to take the multiple determinants of alcohol use and binge drinking into account • Research on the determinants of binge drinking can help to inform prevention efforts

  21. “The chief reason for drinking is the desire to behave in a certain way, and to be able to blame it on alcohol”  ~ Mignon McLaughlin, The Neurotic's Notebook, 1960

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