"The Changing Life of the People" Chp.19 Review

1. "The Changing Life of the People" Chp.19 Review By: Genesis Felix

2. Marriage and the Family A. Extended and Nuclear Families • Nuclear family common • Early Marriage not Common • Marriage delayed due to poverty and/or local law traditions B. Work Away From Home • Boys left home to work as craftsmen or laborers • Girls left to work as servants C. Premarital sex and community controls • Premarital sex was common; marriage usually followed • Illegitimate children were not common in the pre-industrial age • Birth control methods were primitive and undependable

3. Marriage and the Family D. New Marriage Patterns and Illegitimacy • Between 1750 and 1850 illegitimate births soared • Growth of the cottage industry resulted in people marrying earlier and falling in love • Young villagers were moving to towns and cities where they were no longer subject to village controls.

4. Children and Education A. Child Care and Nursing • Infant mortality high • Lower class women breast-fed children • Middle and upper class women hired wet nurses • Occupation of wet nursing exploitive among lower class women B. Foundlings and Infanticide • "Killing nurses" and infanticide were forms of population control • Abortions illegal and dangerous • Foundling hospitals established

5. Children and Education C. Attitudes Toward Children • Children were often neglected • The enlightenment brought about more humane treatment of children D. Schools and Popular Literature • Formal education outside the home became popular for upper classes in 16th century • Catholic and protestant reformers encouraged popular education • Literacy increased between 1700-1800

6. Religion and Pop Culture A.The Institutional Church • Priest or Pastor was the link between the people and the church hierarchy. • Protestant belief in individualism in religion was tempered by increased state control over the church and religious life. • Catholic monarchs increased state control over the church, making it less subject to papal influence. B. Protestant revival • Complacency of earlier Protestantism ended with the advent of "Pietism," which stressed religious enthusiasm, popular education, and individual religious development. • In England, Wesley was troubled by religious corruption, decline, and uncertainty.

7. Religion and Pop Culture C. Catholic Piety • In Catholic countries the old religious culture of ritual and superstition remained popular. • clergy reluctantly allowed traditional religion to survive. D. Leisure and religion • Carnival time saw a combination of religious celebration and popular recreation. • In the eighteenth century leisure tended to become more commercialized, including profit oriented spectator sports; Blood sports were popular.

8. Food and Medical Practice A.Diet and Nutrition Deteriorated by 1700 • People depended on grain • Most people believed in "Just Price" • Vegetables important in the diet of the poor; milk and meat were rarely eaten. • Upperclass diet rich in meat and wines; they spurned fruits and vegetables. B. New Food and Farming • Potatoes became a staple by the end of the century • Growth in market gardening and improvement in food variety.

9. Food and Medical Practice C. Medical Practitioners • Apothecaries- Sold drugs that were often to harmful • Physicians- Frequently bled or purged people to death • Surgeons- Treated wounds without anesthetics and clean areas • Midwives- attended to women needs D. Hospitals and Medical Experiments • Uncomfortable hospital conditions • Reform began in the 18 century • Montague's and Jenner's work on the conquest of smallpox was the greatest medical triumph of the eighteenth century

10. Terms you need to know... • Community Controls: Low rates of illegitimate births with large numbers of pregnant brides • Illegitimacy explosion: The years between 1750-1850 where the number of illegitimate children soared • Jesuits: Founded by ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to stop the spread of protestantism • Pietism: Movement in Lutheran church stressing personal piety and devotion • Methodists: A protestant denomination founded on the principles of John and Charles Wesley • Jansenism: Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelius Jansen and his disciples

11. People you need to know... • John Wesley: Preaches revival in England • Madame du Coudray: Manual on the Art of Childbirth • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Advocates child care in Emile • Louis XV: Orders Jesuits out of France • Thomas Paine:Common Sense • Jenner: Performs first smallpox vaccination

12. Quiz 1.The Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelius Jansen and his disciples. ______________ 2. 17th and 18th-century movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion.________________ 3.The medieval idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers. Government makes decrees if necessary. • jesuits • just price • pietism • purging

13. 4. Aristocracy and upper middle class hired a wet-nurse. • purging • jesuits • wet-nursing • methodists

14. True/False • "Blood sports" such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were popular leisure time events to watch in eighteenth century Europe.

15. Answers 1. Jansenism 2. Pietism 3. B 4. G 5. True