C hair of Medical Biology, M icrobiology, V irology, and I mmunology

1. Chair of Medical Biology, Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology MICROBIOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTS. MICROBIOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY Lecturer Prof. S. Klymnyuk

2. Ecology (oicos – house, hold, logos - doctrine) is the study of relationships among organisms and their environment. The microecologyis the science about places of invading of microorganisms and their ecological links.

3. In microbial ecology the main concepts are: population - an elementary evolutional unit (structure) of a definite species; biotope - site, habitation of a population, for parasites - place of their localization in an organism;

4. In microbial ecology the main concepts are: microbiocenosis- microbial assemblage, association, that is collection of populations of different species of microorganisms, which dwell (live) in the defined biotope (for example, in an oral cavity, reservoir); ecosystem - system, in which enters a biotope and microbiocenosis.

5. Types of symbioses: Neutralism - the populations, existing in one biotope do not stimulate and do not oppress each other. Mutalism exists when organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship.

6. Nitrogen fixing bacterium

7. Types of symbioses: Commensalism - such relationship, at which the member called the commensal receives benefits, when its coinhabitant is neither harmed nor benefitted.

9. The structural interactions of the bacteria probably are a reflection of the complex metabolic interactions that are known to occur between different teeth plaque microorganisms. For example: the production of succinic acid from Campylobacter species that is known to be used as a growth factor by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Streptococcus and Actinomyces species produce formate, which may then be used by Campylobacter species. Fusobacterium species produce both thiamine and isobutyrate that may be used by spirochetes to support their growth.

10. Types of symbioses: Antagonism - oppression of one popula-tion another. The microbes – antagonists produce antibiotics, bacteriocines, fatty acids, which cause destruction of bacteria or delay their reproduction.

11. Bacterial antagonism

12. Types of symbioses: Parasitism - such kind of symbiosis, at which one population (parasite) brings harm to the host, and for itself has a benefit. Ricketsia – intracellular parasites

13. Microflora of the soil

14. The soil is the major environment for a habitation of microorganisms. The amount of bacteria in one gram of soil can be very great – from 200 millions up to 10 billions. The most surface sphere of soil (crust by width of 2-3 mm) is very poor by microorga-nisms. A desiccation and the solar rays pernici-ously influence them. The ground mass of bacteria is on depth 10-20 cm. On depth of 1,5-2 m of untouched ground the microbes do not meet almost.

15. The microflora of soil includes hundreds of species of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, actinomyces and fungi. It is various species of putrefactiving, nitrifying, denitrifying, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The most often inhabitants of soil are the representatives of genus Azotobacter, Nocardia, and Clostridium. Many bacteria of genus Rhisobium, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Nitrobacter, Pseudomonas are very often found. Almost always there are denitrifying bacteria (B.denitrificans), ammonifying microbes (Urobacillus pasteurii, Urobacillus leybii), numerous iron bacteria and sulphur-bacteria.

16. All of them play the great role in a turnover of materials in a nature, improve productivity of our fields, provide life on the Earth. The microorganisms of soil take an active part in all processes of transfor-mation of materials and energy: synthesis of a biomass, biological nitrogen fixation, fermentation, corruption, denitrification of the cycle sulfur, iron lactas, phosphorum, carboneum and other elements.

17. Carbon cycle

18. Nitrogen cycle

19. Sanitary - indicative bacteria of soil are: • Escherichia coli, • Streptococcus faecalis, • Clostridium perfringens • termophilic bacteria. A degree of fecal contamination of soil is determined on presence and quantity (amount) of first three species.

20. More exact rating is manufactured at definitioncoli - index,that is amount of bacteria E.coli in 1 g of soil. Also general microbial number (GNM) – quantity (amount) of all saprophytic bacteria in 1 g of soil is examined.

21. The soil is considered pure, if its coli-index does not exceed 2000, and the quantity of termophilic bacteria is in limits 100 - 1000. Under the epidemic indications soil also is inspected on presence in it pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, B. anthracis and others).

22. Microflora of water

23. Water is a natural medium of a habitation of various microorganisms. In sweet and salty waters representa-tives of all groups of bacteria are found Protozoa, Fungi, Viruses, Water - plant.

24. The microflora of reservoirs consists of two groups of microbes: • autochtonal (or aqueous) microorganisms / permanently live and are multiplied in water/. It is more often such species: Micrococcus candicans, M. roseus, Sarcina lutea, Bacterium aquatilis communis, Pseudomonas fluorescens. The anaerobes represent by species Clostridium, Bacillus cereus, B. mycoides. • allochtonal (brought from the outside).

25. The microbial composition of water is in the large degree mirrors a soil microflora. A major factor, which determines quantity of microbes in water is presence in it of necessary nutritious materials, that are various biological matters. Main path of microbial contamination of water is penetration of unpurified waste from sewage of the populated area. Therefore, the more water is polluted with similar organic matters, there are more in it of microorganisms.

26. Zones of water clearness • Polisaprogeniczone is the zone of strong contamination. It contains many organic matters and almost there is no oxygen. The quantity of bacteria in 1 ml of water reaches one million and more. • Mesosaprogeniczone is the zone of moderate contamination(pollution)). In it the nitrifying and aerobic bacteria prevails. The total number of microorganisms compounds hundreds of thousand in one ml. • Oligosaprogenica zone (zone of pure water). The quantity of bacteria changes from 10 up to 1000 in one ml.

27. Sometimes the pathogenic bacteria in water can get and they will be saved for some time: S. typhi, V. cholerae, S. dysentеriae. Often various viruses are found: Polioviruses, Hepadnaviruses,Enteroviruses and others. The pathogenic microorganism getting in reservoirs, abundant in a zone of strong contamination, gradually die in a zone of moderate contamination. They are almost not found in oligosaprogeniczones. .

28. Water plays very important role in epidemiology of many contagious diseases(typhoid, dysentery, cholera, poliomyelitis, virus hepatites and others). The causative agents of these illnesses are discharged with feces of the patients and carriers. Together with sewage they enter in water of open reservoirs. In summer time some bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae, can even multiply. To catch it is possible through ice, in which the pathogenic bacteria can be saved during several weeks and even of months. .

29. In many countries for a rating of quality of potable water the normative documents or state standards are taken. Microbiologic index of safety of potable water are the following: 1. Common microbial number in one ml of water - no more than 100. 2. Number of bacteria of intestinal rod group (coli-index) in 1000 ml of water - no more than 3. 3. Index of fresh fecal contamination, that is quantity(amount) E.coli in 1000 ml of water - absence. 4. Quantity coli-phages (number of colony-forming units) in 1000 ml of water - absence. 5. Besides in 25 litters of potable water pathogenic Protozoa (cyst of lamblia, dysenteric amebas, balantidia) and ovum of helmints there should be absent.

30. Common microbial number of water is examined by inoculation of 1 ml of water in melted and refrigerated up to 50 C in agar in Petri dishes. Coli-index is determined by a method of membrane filters or fermentation tests.

32. Microflora of air Microflora of air

33. Air for microorganisms is less favorable environment, than soil and water. There are almost no the nutritious materials necessary for reproduction of bacteria. Desiccation and the ultraviolet rays operate perniciously on microorganisms. Nevertheless, many microbes in air can be saved more or less long time. Main sources of microbial air pollution is the soil, water and man.

34. The composition of a microflora of air is very various. It depends on cleanness of air, deposits, temperature, humidity, climate and geographical conditions. Than it is more in air of a dust, smoke, soot, the more microorganisms. Vice-versa, above mountains, seas, oceans and woods, where air is pure, it is not enough of microbes. In open air spaces there are less of microbes, than in the closed rooms.

35. The constant microflora of air is shaped at the expense of soil microorganisms. In its composition many species of Actinomyces, Penicillinum, Aspergillus, Mucor and others go into. There are many Micrococcous roseus, M. candicans, M. luteus, Sarcina lutea, S. alba, S. rosea, Bacillus subtilis, B. mycoides, B. mesentericus.

36. Examination of air microflora is made according to Koch’s sedimentation method or Krotov’s aspiration method.

37. A sanitary - hygienic rating of air includes general microbial number sanitary - indicative microorganisms: Streptococci haеmolyticus, S. viridans, Staphylococcus aureus.

38. The large value there is a cleanness of air in operation rooms, reanimation department, dressing rooms, maternity halls and chambers for neonatal. Total number of microbes in operation hall before the operation should not exceed 500 in 1 м3, and after operation - 1000 in 1 м3. The quantity of haemolytic and viridans streptococci should not be at all.

39. Normal microflora of humans

40. The organism of the man is occupied • more than500 species of bacteria, • about 50 species of viruses, • more than 20 species of protozoa. It is a huge zoological garden.

41. Normalmicroflora of the human body: Constant (obligate, resident, indigenous, autochthonous) microflora is native, no imported one of different biotopes. Transient (temporary, facultative, allochthonous) microflora is not aboriginal, it is acquired one.

42. Normal flora of skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus varius streptococci Corynebacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa Propionibacterium Yeasts

44. Microflora of an eye The tears perniciously affect on microbes. In 47 % of people the microflora here is completely absent. Only few species have adapted to existence on a conjunctiva: Corynebacterium Neisseria Staphylococcus Mycoplasma Adenovirus Herpervirus

45. Normal flora of the respiratory tract: Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Corynebacterium varius Streptococci Neisseria species Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella lacunata In a larynx, the trachea and large bronchuses there are few of microbes. Smaller bronchi and alveoli are normally sterile.

46. Normal flora • of the genitourinary tract • In an outside part of a urethra • Peptococcus • Corynebacterium • Mycobacterium smaegme • Fusobacterium • Staphylococcus • Mycoplasma are found. • The kidney, the ureter, the bladder and upper urethra are sterile.

47. Normal flora of vagina: • Lactobacillus • Corynebacterium • B. fragilis, varius streptococci • C. albicans • Internal reprodactive organs are normally sterile.

48. Degrees of vaginal secret cleanness of health woman • Epitelhial cells • acid-tolerant lactobacilli (Doderllein`s bacilli) • many glicogen • the pH is maintained between4.4 and 4.6 I II

49. Degrees of vaginal secret cleanness of sick women • Epitelhial cells • acid-tolerant lactobacilli (Doderllein`s bacilli) are absent • little glicogen • the pH is maintained between 6.9 and 7.6 • many proteins, leucosytes • staphylococci and streptococci III IV

50. Microflora of the intestinal tract At birth a gastrointestinal path and feces of the child are sterile. In 3 - 4 days there is an intensive invading them by bacteria of genus Escherichia,Proteus, Veilonella, Lactobacterium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus. However, by the end of the first week putrefacient bacteria are superseded by a lactate microflora. It mainly Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus are. They are a main microflora of the child at nursing. At artificial feeding or at transition to the mixed feeding there is an increase of the putrifactive microorganisms. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacterium play the large role in decomposition of mammary milk, help the process of digestion.