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Evaluate the use of biomedical, individual and group approaches to the treatment of one disorder.

Evaluate the use of biomedical, individual and group approaches to the treatment of one disorder. Christian Varela Period 5 IB Psychology. Evaluate- Make an appraisal weighing strengths and limitations . The Focus.

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Evaluate the use of biomedical, individual and group approaches to the treatment of one disorder.

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  1. Evaluate the use of biomedical, individual and group approaches to the treatment of one disorder. Christian Varela Period 5 IB Psychology Evaluate- Make an appraisal weighing strengths and limitations.

  2. The Focus • Your response to this learning outcome should focus on major depression. • The response must focus on the methodologies and the effectiveness of the following approaches to treatment: • 1. Biomedical • 2. Individual Therapy • 3. Group Therapy. • To effectively answer this outcome, it is imperative to support each approach with a study showing the pros and cons of applying the chosen treatments. • Remember the question is basically asking how well these approaches work in treating major depression.

  3. Major Depression • Major Depression- according to the DSM-IV, a person who suffers from major depression must meet the following criteria: 1.Experiences low mood 2.Signs of low self-esteem 3.Experiences a reduction in energy 4.Experiences loss of interest and pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

  4. Major Depression • According to the DSM-IV, there are two main depressive symptoms: -Low Mood -Loss of interest and pleasure. • At least one of these symptoms must be observed before the diagnosis of major depression can be made. • Other symptoms of major depression include: -Inability to concentrate -Recurrent suicidal ideals -Fluctuations in weight, appetite and physical appearance. -Inability to sleep or sleeping for prolonged periods of time.

  5. Essential Terminology • 1. Insomnia- inability to sleep. 2. Hypersomnia- sleeping for abnormally prolonged periods of time. 3. Anhedonia- lack of pleasure, or the inability to experience it. 4. Psychotherapy- the treatment of psychological disorders or maladjustments in behavior through professional technique. It may help to identify major depression as a mood disorder.

  6. Biomedical Approach • Biomedical approach- Psychological treatment of mental illness through the use of pharmacological, or medicinal properties. This approach mostly focuses on introducing chemicals into the body that help subdue the symptoms of the disorder manifested. Antidepressants and stimulants are examples of medicine used to treat disorders. • For major depression, antidepressants and stimulants are sometimes combined to treat the anhedonia, hypersomnia and eating fluctuations stemming from major depression.

  7. Biomedical Approach - Study • Joffe & Colleagues, 1996 • Aim- To carry out a meta-analysis of antidepressant studies to calculate the effect sizes for antidepressant effectiveness on depressive disorder. • Methods- A meta-analysis of all antidepressants studies that included an active comparison drug as well as a placebo were used to calculate the effect size.

  8. Biomedical Approach - Study • A total of forty-nine studies were used in the meta-analysis, all of which were retrieved from the National Library of Medicine database, also known as Medline. • Medline was searched from 1966 to 1995 to find the studies used. However, only articles that were reviewed and had response measures from which accurate data could be extracted were used. • Results- The meta-analysis concluded that the effect sizes for the antidepressant treatments were moderately larger than those for placebo. • This means that antidepressant treatments were moderately more effective than the treatments using placebo. It underscored the effectiveness of the therapeutic use of antidepressants.

  9. Biomedical Approach – Study – Strengths and Limitations • Strengths: 1. Supported by the results of several other studies. Method Triangulation. 2. High Internal Validity. Only studies that met strict criteria for accurate data extraction were used. • Limitations: 1.The studies included were limited to those in Medline. 2. The studies were limited to the English language. 3. Only published studies were included.

  10. Individual Psychotherapy - Study • Individual Psychotherapy- Individual psychotherapy involves regularly scheduled talks between the patient and a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, psychiatric social worker, or nurse. The sessions may focus on current or past problems, experiences, thoughts, feelings, or relationships. • Goldapple, 2004 • Aim- to investigate whether PET scan will demonstrate different brain activity before and after 15 to 20 sessions of Cognitive Therapy (which falls under the individual approach to therapy). • Methods- 14 paritcipants were recruited through advertisement on a Canadian newspaper.

  11. Individual Psychotherapy - Study All participants displayed symptoms of depression as directed by the DSM-IV. Participants were tested at the beginning of the experiment using PET scans. The participants were given 7 weeks of cognitive therapy, involving 15 to 20 sessions of it. After the seven weeks, they were re-tested to see how the brain activity differed compared to the scans at the beginning of the study. Participants were judged as responsive or non-responsive based on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scal;e for Depression. The scans were then also compared to the scans of brain activity of individuals who used Paxil (an antidepresssant).

  12. Individual Psychotherapy - Study • Results- Participants showed significant changes which were attributed to the cognitive therapy. The brain scans measured glucose metabolism in the brain. Changes brought on by the CT would begin at the Cortex and work their way down the limbic system. Changes brought on by Paxil were reverse, working their way up to the Cortex. This confirmed that CT worked effectively, but differently than when using the biomedical approach.

  13. Individual Psychotherapy - Study – Strengths & Limitations. • Strengths: 1. It was a pioneer study, meaning it was one of the first, therefore it was not supported by a lot of research. 2. Controlled for extraneous variable- Participants were screened for substance abuse and antidepressant treatments before admitted into the study. 3. PET scan are highly accurate in producing concrete, empirical data. • Limits: 1.Low Population Validity- Only 14 participants, all of which originated from Toronto Canada. 2. Selection Bias- Participants had reported negative experiences with drug therapy, so they could be motivate to participate in the CT study.

  14. Group Approach • Group Psychotherapy- psychological treatment administered by one or more psychological professionals to a group of clients together as a team. Group therapy may also include Cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy, but for it to be considered a group approach, it obviously has to be administered to a group. Usually, CT usually falls within the Individual Approach to treatment.

  15. Group Approach - Study • Covi and Colleagues 1974 • Aim- to investigate whether antidepressants (imipramine, diazepam, and placebo) along with weekly or biweekly group psychotherapy successfully treated chronically depressed women. • Method- Chronically depressed women were randomly assigned (after a two week placebo washout period) to receive one of three antidepressants and either weekly psychotherapy or biweekly brief supportive sessions. Treatment occurred primarily over 16 weeks, but those patients who showed improvements continued for 71 weeks.

  16. Group Approach - Study • Results- Analysis for the first 16 weeks of active treatment indicated that women treated with imipramine showed the most improvements. No advantage for group therapy was detected. Patients who showed improvements continued a further controlled drug treatment for 71 weeks. Analysis during the 71 weeks showed a continuous advantage for treatment with imipramine. Meaning, it worked best over the other drug, placebo, and group psychotherapy.

  17. Group Approach – Study – Strengths and Limitations • Strengths- 1. Control of extraneous variable-Participants were cleansed of any previous substances or chemicals for two weeks prior to the beginning of the study. 2. Eclectic- it used two approaches to treatment. • Limitations- 1. Low Population Validity- Only depressed females were studied. 2. Maturation- study took place over 16 weeks, but was prolonged for participants who showed improvements to 71 weeks.

  18. Conclusion • Eclecticism • Different approaches = different ways to treat • Approaches may work alone, but can be supplemented with other approaches to maximize treatment. _____________________________________________ End

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