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Chapter 24 Ecosystem Structure and Function

Chapter 24 Ecosystem Structure and Function. 2. “The human brain now holds the key to our future. We have to recall the image of the planet from outer space: a single entity in which air, water, and continents are interconnected. That is our home.” 1

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Chapter 24 Ecosystem Structure and Function

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  1. Chapter 24 Ecosystem Structure and Function 2 “The human brain now holds the key to our future.We have to recall the image of the planet from outer space:a single entity in which air, water, and continentsare interconnected. That is our home.”1 David T. Suzuki Canadian Geneticist, Journalist, and Environmentalist

  2. Population ecology (group of individuals) Community ecology (all organisms in a particular area) Ecosystem(all organisms and abiotic factors) The Biosphere…7 Biosphere: Sum of all ecosystems on Earth. outer portion of earth where life is found – air, water, and soil Organism Niche: specific collection of resources used by an organism.

  3. Ecosystem: “A biological community in its abiotic environment.”3 Organisms have adapted to a wide variety of physical environments. Consider: Rainfall Temperature Amount of sunlight Type of soil Wind The Character of Ecosystems 1 Ecology:The study of the interaction of organisms and their environment.5

  4. Autotrophs Heterotrophs Producer Carnivore (secondary consumer) Herbivore (primary consumer) Light Energy and chemicals Detritus Detritivore (decomposer) Organic and inorganic compounds Energy in Ecosystems Remember Section 2.2 Trophic Structure:Different feeding levels of an ecosystem—shows path of energy and nutrient flow Did you know?In Aquatic Ecosystems, most photosynthesis is done by photosynthetic algae and bacteria.

  5. Quaternary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Tertiary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Secondary consumers Carnivore Carnivore Primary consumers Zooplankton Herbivore Producers Plant Phytoplankton A marine food chain A terrestrial food chain

  6. Quaternary, tertiary, and secondary consumers Tertiary and secondary consumers Secondary and primary consumers Primary consumers Producers (plants) Figure 19.23

  7. The Energy Pyramid 14 10% Rule: At each stage, only about 10% of the energy/nutrients is passed on.

  8. Plant material eaten by caterpillar 100 kilocalories (kcal) 35 kcal Cellular respiration 50 kcal Feces 15 kcal Growth Here’s why only 10% gets passed on… Figure 19.25

  9. Is it better to be vegetarian?24

  10. Predation and Parasitisim (+/-) Competition (-/-) Commensalism (+/0) Mutualism (+/+) 6 Animal Relationships 20 19 21 What does competitive exclusion say?

  11. The Carbon Cycle14

  12. The Nitrogen Cycle14

  13. Long Cycle Short Cycle Transpiration and Respiration The Water Cycle14 Did you know? Less than 2% of water on earth is fresh water!

  14. Heat Light Ecosystem Energy flow Producers Consumers Decomposers Chemical cycling (biotic abiotic) Visual Summary 19.1

  15. Limiting Factors _______________ is the limiting factor… Remember chapter 4 and making sandwiches? Winter Alaskan Tundra Summer 22

  16. Exponential Growth • Growth of a population under unregulated conditions Figure 18.18

  17. 3 2 1 Logistic Growth: Limiting Factors Figure 18.19 7 Logistic Growth Curve: 1. Exponential Growth: rate increasing 2. Linear Growth: rate constant 3. Reaching Carrying Capacity: rate zero

  18. An example of logistic growth7 What do you think has happened here?

  19. Population Interactions7 1. Predator-Prey Cycle 2. Boom and Bust Cycle

  20. Figure 18.24

  21. Sources Cited 1. http://www.blackhole.on.ca/quotes.html 2. Earth: http://www.nineplanets.org/earth.html 3. Biological Science: A Molecular Approach. BSCS Biology Blue, Seventh Edition. 1996. 4. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/ 5. http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL200/powerpnt/ecolprin/ 6. http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL200/powerpnt/reefzone/ 7. http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookcommecosys.html 8. taggart.glg.msu.edu/ bs110/biomes.htm 9. http://www.worldbiomes.com/default.htm 10. Lake: www.creekland.org/studentpro/ aislnn/aqua.html 11. French Broad River: www.lib.duke.edu/forest/ 12. Saltwater Ecosystems: http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/questions/dp_biosphere/bios_place/dp_bios_place_dex.htm 13. Coral Reef: www.cmrc.org/programs.htm 14. BioCD. From Biology, Fifth Edition. Campbell, Reece, Mitchell. Addison, Wesley, Longman. 1999. 15. DDT: www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/ lindane/lindane.html 16. Acid Rain: http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/formaciddep.html 17. Coal Power Plants: btdqs.usgs.gov/precip/ arfs.htm 18. www.divegallery.com 19. Bat: http://biology.uoregon.edu/Biology_www/Online_classes/Bi103s97/l13/lecture13.html 20. http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgfarallones/living/living_4.html 21. Safari Animals: http://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/9810/safrica.1/safari.html 22. alaska.bp.com/alaska/ environment/env.htm 23. www.explore-rocky.com/gallery/ tundra/image_31.html 24. Bioshow: for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Second Edition. Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece

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