Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation of Exploitation & CO 2 Sequestration of Coal

1. Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation ofExploitation & CO2 Sequestration of Coal bySAGISAKA M. Life Cycle Assessment Research Centre,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), JAPAN

2. Electric Power Generation Bauxite Iron Ore Coal Aluminum Oil Import Oil Refinery What is LCA ? Electric Power Generation Iron Works Recycling Car Factory PlasticMaterials Solid Wastes

3. Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2005

4. Scope of the InvestigationCOALExploration | Extraction | Transportation● • Energy : Electricity, Coal, Oils, CH4 , ･･･ • Materials 　: Steel (supports, tracks, pipes, ･･･) 　Cement, Timber, Plastics, ･････ • Equipment : Machines for Mining, Driving, 　Transportation, Separation, ･････ • Buildings : Offices, Houses, Rooms, ･････

5. 82 kg-CO2/t-coal in 1999 (3.4 g-CO2/MJ-coal)

6. Item Consumed quantity Per ton of shipped clean coal produced Commercial elec. 252 GWh 42.0 kWh/t Kerosene 29 kl 0.00483 l / t Light oil 10363 kl 1.73 l / t Heavy oil 1160 kl 0.193 l/ t Coal 160 k t 26.6 kg/t Powder coal 68.2 k t 11.4 kg/t Methane 5.4 Mm3 0.899 m3/t Explosives 476 t 79.3 g/t Domesticelec.* 273 GWh 45.5 kWh/t Consumed energies for COAL production in Japan FY1999 *Used energies(coal, powder coal and heavy oil) for domestic energy production are included in each item.

7. Item Consumed quantity Per ton of shipped clean coal produced Plastics (ABS) Kerosene 16.1 75.1 kg kl 0.003 g/t 0.014 l/t Consumed materials for coal production in Japan FY1999 Steel 23.2 k t 3.8628 kg/t Timber 33900 m3 0.00564 m3/t Cement 11688.9 t 2.18 kg/t Sand 39570.8 t 7.38 kg/t Fly ash 16782.7 t 3.13 kg/t

8. Inventory Analysis (Example)

9. Foreground Data Use Manufacturing Disposal Materials, Fuels, etc. Fuels Electricity Mining Back ground Data Transparency, Impartiality, Consistency, ….. International Data Sharing

10. International LCA Networkex. Data Sharing

11. ECBMR- Environmental & Economical Possibility - CO2+Air Elec.Generation Separation CH4 Air CO2 Transportation CO2 CO2 Sequestration & CH4 Recovery Transportation

12. Siberia Sakhalin (Russia) China Chikuho C.F. Korea Pacific Ocean Power Plants; Coal ; LNG Chikuho Coal FieldCO2 Supply & CBM (CH4) Demand ; Oil IndustrialBoilers

13. ECBMR- Environmental & Economical Possibility - • CBM Production METSIM2（by Imperial College, UK） • Field Chikuho Coal Field • Area 10km(E-W)×30km(N-S) interval Injection pattern 5 spot Production Well Injection Well Extraction up to CO2<10%

14. Interval=10km 5km 2km 1km CO2 Sequestration& CBM production - Injection rate 585ｔ-CO2/h- Well interval 2km

15. Lifecycle CO2 Emission Balance:-100ｇ-CO2/MJ CBM Production + 6.5 CO2 Sequestration - 99 LNG (avoided) - 7.8 7.8ｇ-CO2/MJ (imported LNG)

16. Cost Analysis Operation（million JYN） Capital（million JYN） + Costs for Labour, Management, Tax Revenue: CBM Price = imported LNG (average ’91-’00) excl. sequestrated CO2

17. Financial Analysis

18. LCA for Mining ex. coal Exploration Mine Development Coal Waste Treatment Production Transportation Combustion Closure Eco-Efficiency of a Mine Service､Benefit Profit or Total Sales Environmental Impact LCIA

19. LCA for Mining ex. coal • CBM Extraction fromVirgin Coal Seam • Coal + CBM Extraction • ECBMR from Deep Seamand/or Abandoned Mine Exploration Mine Development Production Closure Eco-Efficiency of a Mine Benefit Profit or Total Sales Environmental Impact LCIA

20. Triple Bottom Line for Sustainable Development Social Performance SafetyEmploymentSocial Development CulturePoverty, PeaceHuman Rights ….. MiningOperations • International Cooperation • Methodology • Data Sharing DustNoise, VibrationWater Treatment……. ProfitTaxInvestment GlobalEnvironment……… Environmental Performance Economic Performance

21. Lifecycle Environmental Evaluation ofExploitation & CO2 Sequestration of Coal bySAGISAKA M. Life Cycle Assessment Research Centre,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), JAPAN