Training Lambs to be Weed-eaters

1. Training Lambs to be Weed-eaters Experiments on the efficiency of Ovis airies for use in the biological control of Brachypodium sylvaticum- a non-native bunchgrass Ryan Scholz- Junior; Animal Sciences/ Bioresource Research Dr. Howard Meyers- Professor; OSU Dept. Animal Sciences Dr. Deborah Clark- Sr. Instructor; OSU Biology Program

2. Control • Grazing • Observations at OSU indicate grazing is effective • Studies are underway to investigate this • H. H. Meyer • Relatively low palatability? • Nutrition Tests • Endophyte Tests Grazed Un-Grazed

4. Planned Studies • Pasture Training • Lambs to be grazed with mothers on B. sylvaticum • Bummer Lamb Training • Bummer lambs to be fed B. sylvaticum • Seed Viability • Nutritional Analysis

5. Pasture Training Study

6. Hypothesis • Lambs grazed on B. sylvaticum with their mothers prior to weaning will have an increased affinity for B. sylvaticum as adults when compared to unexposed sheep.

7. Experimental Design • Pre-Trial Training • Treatment- Grazed on B. sylvaticum • Control- Grazed on standard pasture • All lambs grazing for 3 week training period • First 2 weeks with ewes • Last week weaned

8. Experimental Design • Confinement Feeding Trial- wethers • Offered fresh cut B. sylvaticum after overnight fast • To determine the relative preference for B. sylvaticum after training • Pasture Grazing Trial- ewes • Grazed on a series of plots containing B. sylvaticum • To measure: • Relative preference in a pasture setting • Continued preference over extended period of time

9. Confinement Feeding Trial • Procedure • Lambs removed from field at 4:00pm and individually penned • ~250g B. sylvaticum placed in each feeder at 10:00am • Allowed to eat for 30 minutes • Removed from pens • Leftover and wasted B. sylvaticum collected and weighed • Repeated following morning • Conducted immediately following training and again one month later

10. Treatment Control Data- Trial 1 100.0g B. sylvaticum

11. Treatment Control Data- Trial 2 250.0g B. sylvaticum

12. Analysis Treatment • Shows training to be effective • Treatment lambs ate more • Observations indicated treatment lambs to be less timid when eating • Some conditioning occurred with control • Likely situational conditioning Control

13. Pasture Grazing Trial • Procedure • Lambs grazed on series of 100m2 plots containing B. sylvaticum • Four 1m2 clippings taken before and after grazing • Determine biomass composition • Determine amount biomass removed • Grazing patterns will be recorded using time-lapse video surveillance system • Forage consumption and grazing patterns analyzed using forage maps

14. Data

15. Analysis • Final Analysis not complete • Observations indicate training to be effective • Treatment lambs consumed more B. sylvaticum • Treatment lambs spent more time grazing • Trial cut short due to uncontrollable circumstances

16. Further Planned Research • Yearling trial • Ewe lambs will be kept • Pasture trial will be repeated with same lambs next summer • Determine the continued preference over extended time • Study replication

17. Bummer Lamb Study

18. Hypothesis Orphan lambs which are fed milk replacer containing B. sylvaticum will have an increased affinity for B. sylvaticum as adults when compared to unexposed sheep.

19. Experimental Design • Breeding/ lambing • 25 ewes given luteinizing hormone for estrus synchronization, and bred • Labor induced using hormone treatment • Lamb Care • Lambs divided into control and experimental groups • Experimental lambs receive milk replacer with B. sylvaticum juice • Confinement feeding trial • Lambs will undergo same confinement feeding trial as pasture raised lambs.

20. Seed Viability Study

21. Hypothesis • B. sylvaticum seeds digested and later deposited by Ovis airies will have a significantly diminished ability to germinate.

22. Experimental Design • To determine the risk of further spread of B. sylvaticum through seeds deposited by sheep used for control. • Two Trials • Forage Diet • Sheep on forage diet to achieve similar ruminal micro biotic content as grazing sheep • Concentrate Diet • To facilitate easy and accurate recovery of seeds from feces

23. Experimental Design • Ripe seeds collected and dried to ~10% moisture • B. sylcaticum • Loliium multiflorum (control) • ~5 gram samples weighed to 1/10000g accuracy and sealed in Dacron digestion bags • Samples inserted into rumen cannulas and allowed to digest for 72h, 48h, 24h, 12h • Control sample placed in water for 30m

24. Experimental Design • After removal from rumen: • Samples washed thoroughly • Dried to ~10% moisture • Weighed to 1/10000g accuracy • Germinated in 25°C/15°C chamber

25. Data • Average sample weight loss

27. Further Research • Concentrate Diet Trial • Replication of Dacron bag procedure • 15g seed introduced directly into rumen • Recovered from feces • Further investigation into mode of digestion • Neutral/Acid Detergent Fiber tests • Determine amount of carbohydrates digested

28. Nutritional Analysis

29. Purpose • Proximate Nutritional analysis • Samples collected throughout growth season • Allow grazing periods to be planned to maximize : • Control of B. sylvaticum • Nutritional benefits to sheep

30. Questions