Evolutionary Computational Intelligence

1. Evolutionary Computational Intelligence Lecture 8: Memetic Algorithms Ferrante Neri University of Jyväskylä

2. The Optimization Problem • All the problems can be formulated as an Optimization Problem that is the search of the maximum (or the minimum) of a given objective function • Deterministic Methods can fail because they could converge to local optimum • Evolutionary Algorithms can fail because they could converge to a sub-optimal solution

3. “Dialects” Developing in Artificial Intelligence • Fogel Owens (USA, 1965) Evolutionary Programming • Holland Genetic Algorithms (USA, 1973) Genetic Algorithm • Rechenberg Schwefel (Germany, 1973) Evolution Strategies • 90s Evolutionary Algorithms (EA)

4. Historical Info about MAs • The term Memetic Algorithm (MA) is coined by Moscato (1989) • ….but as always the same idea was also given under the name of • Hybrid GAs • Baldwinian GAs • Lamarckian GAs • Others…

5. The Metaphor • The Meme, the “Selfish Gene” (Dawkin, 1976). • The Meme is a unit of “cultural transmission” in the same way that genes are the units of biological transmission. • In EAs, genes are encoding of candidate solutions, in MAs the memes are also “strategies” of how to improve the solutions.

6. Memetic Algorithms • The combination of Evolutionary Algorithms with Local Search Operators that work within the EA loop has been termed “Memetic Algorithms” • Term also applies to EAs that use instance specific knowledge in operators • Memetic Algorithms have been shown to be orders of magnitude faster and more accurate than EAs on some problems, and are the “state of the art” on many problems

7. Michalewicz’s view on EAs

8. Local Searchers • Local Searcher (LS): a deterministic method able to find the nearest local optimum • Local Searchers can be classified according to: • Order • Pivot Rule • Depth • Neighborhood

9. Local Searchers’ Classification • Order zero if it uses just the function (direct search), order one if it uses the first derivative, order two if it uses the second derivative • Steepest Ascent Pivot Rule: the LS explores all the Neighborhood (e.g Hooke-Jeeves Method). Greedy Pivot Rule: the LS chooses the first better search direction found (e.g. Nelder-Mead Method)

10. Local Searchers’ Classification • The depth of the Local Search defines the termination condition for the outer loop (stop criterion) • The neighborhood generating functionn(i) defines a set of points that can be reached by the application of some move operator to the point i

11. General Scheme of EAs

12. Pseudo-Code for typical EA

13. How to Combine EA and LS

14. Intelligent Initialization • The initial population is not given at pseudo-random but it is given according to a heuristic rule. • Examples: quasi-random generator, orthogonal arrays • It increases the average fitness but it decreases the diversity

15. Intelligent Variation Operators • Intelligent Crossover: finds the best combination between parents in order to generate the most performing offspring (e.g. heuristic selection of the cut point) • Intelligent Mutation: tries several possible mutated individuals in order to obtain the most “lucky” mutation (e.g. bit to flip)

16. Properly Said Memetic Algorithms: Local Search acting on Offspring • Can be viewed as a sort of “lifetime learning” • The LS are applied to the offspring in order to have more performing individuals • A LS can be viewed also like a special mutation operator and it is often (but not only!) used to speed-up the “endgame” of an EA by making the search in the vicinity • In fact the EAs are efficient in finding solutions near the optimum but not in finalizing the search

17. How to apply a Local Searcher? • Krasnogor (2002) shows that there are theoretical advantages to using a local search with a move operator (LS to the offspring ) that is different to the move operators used by mutation and crossover but….. • How many iterations of the local search are done ? • Is local search applied to the whole population? • or just the best ? • or just the worst ? • or to a certain part of the population according to some rules? Basically the right choice depends on the problem!

18. Two Models of Lifetime Adaptation • Lamarckian • traits acquired by an individual during its lifetime can be transmitted to its offspring (refreshing of the genotype) • e.g. replace individual with fitter neighbour • Baldwinian • traits acquired by individual cannot be transmitted to its offspring (suggests new direction search) • e.g. individual receives fitness (but not genotype) of fitter neighbour

19. Efficiency and Robustness of the Memetic Algorithms • Usually the fitness landscapes are multimodal and very complex, or the decision space is very big • We would like to implement an algorithm which • is able to converge, every time it is run, to the optimal solution in a short time (avoiding premature convergence and stagnation)

20. Adaptivity and Self-Adaptivity • In order to enhance the efficiency and the robustness of a MA an adaptive or self-adaptive scheme can be used • Adaptive: the memes are controlled during the evolution by means of some rules depending on the state of the population • Self-Adaptive: the adaptive rules are encoded in the genotype of each individual

21. Multi-Meme systems • A Meme Algorithm uses one LS (usually complex) • A Multi-Meme Algorithm (M-MA) employs a set (a list) of LSs (usually simple) • If a M-MA is implemented the problem of how and when to run the LSs arises and some rules are therefore needed

22. Adaptivity + Multi-Meme • In order to properly select from the list the LS to use for the different stages of the evolution an adaptive strategy can be used • If the “necessities” of the evolutionary process are efficiently encoded it is possible to use different LSs in different moments and on different individuals (or set of individuals)

23. The use of several Local Searchers • Local Searchers with different features explore the search space from different perspectives • Different Local Searchers should “compete” and “cooperate” (Ong 2004) working to solve the classical problem, in EAs, of the balancing between “exploration” and “exploitation”

24. An Example: Adaptivity + Multi-Meme on the population diversity The state of the convergence of the algorithm can be measured on the basis of the coefficient: if the convergence is going to approach but it is still quite far the Nelder-Mead is applied since it is greedy and explorative in order to jump out from the nearest basin of attraction If the convergence is very near the Hooke-Jeeves is run since it is a LS with steepest ascent pivot rule and can then finalize the work in the hopefully found global optimum

25. Thank You for Your Attention • Questions?