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Chapter 26

Chapter 26. The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919 - 1939. Timeline. Germany 1920s. Deutschmark 1923. Wait Line Berlin Bakery 1923. Blue Angel (Marlene Dietrich) 1930. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security. Weaknesses of the League of Nations

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Chapter 26

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  1. Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919 - 1939

  2. Timeline

  3. Germany 1920s Deutschmark 1923 Wait Line Berlin Bakery 1923 Blue Angel (Marlene Dietrich) 1930

  4. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security • Weaknesses of the League of Nations • The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924) • Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles • Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion • Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks • Germany unable to pay in 1922 -- Hyperinflation! • 3.25 x 106 percent per month 1923= prices double every two days • (Hungary post WWII: 4.19 x 1016 % per month = double every 15 hrs) • French occupation of the Ruhr Valley • German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923 (60 marks per $1 1921) • 1924: New currency: 1 Rentenmark = 3 trillion old marks • The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929) • Dawes Plan, 1924:  Reparations + $ loan • Treaty of Locarno, 1925 guarantee Ger. western borders • Kellog-Briand Pact: renunciation of war -- 63 countries • Coexistence with Soviet Union

  5. 100,000 Marks = $1 500 Million Mark 100 Million Mark 10 Million Mark 50 Million Mark Breadline Nov. 1923

  6. The Little Entente

  7. The Great Depression • Problems in domestic economies • International financial crisis • Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 • Affects European markets • Unemployment • Social Repercussions • Powerlessness of Governments

  8. The Democratic States • Great Britain • Labour Party failed to solve problems • Coalition claimed credit for prosperity • John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946): Keynesian Economics • Keynes says the government should create jobs • Obama: Stimulus Package!!! • France • Was the strongest power in Europe • Could not solved financial problems • Popular Front • The United States • Herbert Hoover, (1929-1933) • Franklin D. Roosevelt, (1933-1945) • New Deal • Public works projects • World War II ends the depression

  9. European States and the World: Colonial Empires • Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa • The Middle East • Division of Ottoman Empire • Turkey • Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) • India • Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948) and Civil Disobedience • Africa • Britain and France awarded German colonies • Protest movements

  10. Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States • Totalitarianism • By 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies • The modern totalitarian state -- origins in WWI centralization of the state control • Active commitment of citizens • Individual serves the state • Mass propaganda techniques -- cultural control • High speed communication -- Radio, Movies (News Reels) • Led by single leader and single party • Different forms in different countries

  11. Fascist Italy • Impact of World War I • Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I (Trieste + South Tyrol, but not Fiume, Dalmatia) • Birth of Fascism • Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) -- former socialist • Unsuccessful Elem. Teacher • Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919 • Latin fasces (It. fascio): “bundle” or “union” -- bundle of sticks = symbol of “strength through unity” in Roman Empire • Growth of the Socialist party • Political stalemate + industrial & agricultural strikes • Squadristi, armed Fascists -- “the Black Shirts” • Fascist movement gains support from industrialists (+ middle classes, upper classes, etc.) • Formula: Anticommunism, Anti-strike, Nationalism • March on Rome, 1922 -- calculated bluff works • Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922

  12. “Il Duce” Victorious Fascists in Rome, 1922, Burning Socialist Literature Fasces

  13. Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State • Fascist Government • All parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship established -- Il Duce “The Leader” • Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state • “All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” • Young Fascists -- indoctrination!!! • Family is the pillar of the state -- women encouraged to have many children & not work • Never achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union • Armed Forces, Monarchy still independent • Lateran Accords, February 1929 • Agreement w/ Church: Mutual recognition -- Italy & Vatican City

  14. 7th Anniversary of Fascism: Mussolini addresses Black Shirts In Rome “Children Belong To The State!” Election Poster Young Fascist Movement

  15. Hitler and Nazi Germany • Weimar Germany • No leaders • Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925 • Great Depression • The Emergence of Adolf Hitler • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) • Vienna • Lanz von Liebenfels -- Anti-Semetic & pro-”Aryan” former monk. Ostara radical pro-Aryan publication • Munich • The Rise of the Nazis • German Workers’ Party • National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921 • Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops (aka Brown Shirts)

  16. Storm Troopers (SS) Munich, 1923 Adolph Hitler 1923 Julius Streicher & Nazi Club 1922 Hitler, Joseph Göebbels, Münich 1923

  17. Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont) • The Nazi Seizure of Power • Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923 • Hitler imprisoned • Mein Kampf, (My Struggle) • Lebensraum (living space) • Reorganization of the party • New strategies • Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election • Support from right-wing elites • Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 • Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933 • Successes in 1933 election • Enabling Act, March 23, 1933 • Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control • President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

  18. Saluting Hitler & Hindenburg “End it Now!” Goebbels Addressing German Film Academy, 1934 The Volkswagon (“People’s Car) Hitler’s Project 1938 “Freedom from Misery, Freedom from Jews!” 1933 Election “Death to Marxism” 1926 Prison 1924 “Hitler Over Germany” 1933 Autobahn, 1938 1933: Hitler, Hindenburg, Goering Founding of Party, Munich, 1925 SA Occupies Workers’ Bank, Arrest Employees Site of Beerhall Putsch Planning Book Burning May 1933

  19. The Nazi State (1933-1939) • Parliamentary republic dismantled • Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship • Constant rivalry gives Hitler power • Economics and the drop in unemployment • Heinrich Himmler and the SS • Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control • Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens) • Influence of Nazi ideas on working women • Aryan Racial State • Nuremberg laws, September 1935 • Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938 • Restrictions on Jews

  20. Nuremburg, 1937, Hitler Youth Day Kristallnacht: Burning Synagogue Long Jump Record! Japan’s Naoto Tajima (bronze), American Jesse Owens (gold) & Germany's Luz Long (silver) Berlin 1936 Buchenwald: Some of the 30,000 Jews arrested around Kristallnacht Old Jews forced to scrub the streets Kristallnacht 10 Nov. 1938 -- Looted Jewish Shops Munich Putsch Flag Ceremony Boycott Jewish Stores Nuremburg, 1936 Nuremburg, 1938 Hitler Youth, Nuremburg 1936 Nuremburg Rally 1934 Hitler Youth, 1933

  21. The Soviet Union • New Economic Policy (NEP) • Modified capitalism • Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922 • Revived economy • Lenin suffers strokes, (1922-1924) • Division • Leon Trotsky -- War Minister, Charismatic • Joseph Stalin -- In background • General Party Secretary • Used position to build up power base -- appointments • Trotsky ousted 1927 -- exile & assassination 1940

  22. 1922 Stalin’s Birthplace Gori, Georgia.

  23. The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939) • First Five Year Plan, 1928 • Emphasis on industry • Real wages declined -- 43% from 1928-40 • Use of propaganda -- Stakhanov Cult & Cult of Personality • Rapid collectivization of agriculture • Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died • Deliberate policy to starve Ukrainians, Kulaks • Political Control • Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929 • Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested • Gulag Archipelago

  24. Stalin Cult 1951 Worker & Kolkhoz (Collective) Woman 1937 With Honor, We will Fulfill and Fulfill again Stalin’s New Five-Year Plan! Cult of the Personality Former Gulag, Pevec, Siberia Gulag Arctic Siberia Young Communists, May Day Parade Let’s Get to Work! 1920 Women on a Collective Farm 1930 Lunch during harvest on a Ukrainian Collective, 1936

  25. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe • Conservative Authoritarian Governments • Eastern Europe • Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems • Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions • Greece became a republic • Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats • Adm. Miklós Horthy -- Regent of Hungary1920-1944 • Problems • Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form • Rural and agrarian society • Ethnic conflicts

  26. Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula • General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923) • The Spanish Civil War • The Popular Front • General Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975) • Foreign intervention • Italy, Germany, USSR -- also Lincoln Brigade (U.S.) • Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939) • The Franco Regime • Traditional, conservative, dictatorship • Portugal • Antonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)

  27. Guernica, Picasso

  28. Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure • The Roaring Twenties • Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe • Josephine Baker (1906-1975) • Jazz Age

  29. Jazz Age

  30. Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment • Radio • Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920 • BBC, 1926 • Movies • Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation • Stars became subjects of adoration • Marlene Dietrich • Used for political purposes • Nazis encourage cheap radios • Triumph of the Will, 1934

  31. The Blue Angel 1930

  32. Mass Leisure • Sports • Tourism • Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany • Dopolavoro in Italy (“After Work”) • Kraft durch Freude in Germany (“Strength Through Joy”)

  33. Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years • Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable • Political, economic, and social insecurities • Radical changes in women’s styles • Theodor van de Velde • Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique • Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music • Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd • Dadaism • Tristan Tzara (1896-1945) • Surrealism • Salvador Dali (1904-1989) • Functionalism in Modern Architecture • Bauhaus School in Germany • Precedent: Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright & Chicago School

  34. Man Ray: Tears Man Ray: Tears Man Ray “Cello” (Kiki of Montarnasse) Man Ray Duchamps Fontaine Man Ray Marcel Duchamps The Bride Stripped Bare by the Bachelors Man Ray Male Figure Study Man Ray Rayogram Dadaism

  35. Dali Burning Giraffe Salvador Dali Corpus Hypercubus Surrealism

  36. Nagy Stairway, Seaside Pavilion 1936 Moholy-Nagy Dolls 1926 Dessau Atelier (Artists’ Studio) Budapest Stairway, Retirement Home Budapest Heart of Jesus Church Van der Rohe Lakepoint Towers 1968 (1920) Lászlo Moholy-Nagy Photogram 1922 Moholy-Nagy Jealousy 1927 V.d.R. Chairs Budapest Retirement House Nagy: Shadows on Set of Opera Madama Butterfly 1931 V.d.R Farnsworth House, Plano, IL Budapest: 1931 House Bauhaus Meis Van der Rohe: Lakeshore Apartments

  37. Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont) • A Popular Audience • Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera • Art in Totalitarian Regimes • Art in service of the state • A New Style in Music • Igor Stravinsky -- beginnings of moder music • Arnold Schönberg (1874 – 1951) -- atonal music

  38. Literature & Physics Between the Wars • The Search for the Unconscious • James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses • Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) • Impact of Freud • Carl Jung (1856-1961) • The “Heroic Age of Physics” • Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be split • Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), “uncertainty principle”

  39. Discussion Questions • How would you define fascism? How was fascism different from traditional authoritarianism? • What were the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar democracy? • Compare and contrast Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany. What did the two states have in common? • What anxieties were reflected in the cultural and intellectual trends of the interwar period?

  40. Web Links • Italian Life under Fascism • The History Place: The Rise of Adolf Hitler • Life in the USSR under Stalin • Joseph Stalin: Biographical Chronicle • The World of Kurt Weill • bauhaus-archiv: Museum of Design

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