The Birth of a Nation

1. The Birth of a Nation

2. Causes of the American Revolution-Mercantilism- • European countries (including Britain) began to practice mercantilism. They did so in order to maintain national security. • Mercantilism- exporting more goods than you import • In order to do this they needed colonies for additional resources and markets. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=222086

3. Causes of the American Revolution-Mercantilism- • To maintain this balance Britain passed the Navigation Acts. • Navigation Acts- a group of laws that required the British colonies to only be able to sell certain goods to Britain. • Other goods that could be sold to other countries had British duties on them. (taxes paid to British). https://www.google.com/search?q=navigation+acts&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=KkUaUpDmDsivsASXnoHgDg&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1311&bih=600#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=rO-XhoPVOOKBXM%3A%3B_NPNaOmcrQF0JM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mrvanduyne.com%252Frevcauses%252Fnavacts.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mrvanduyne.com%252Frevcauses%252Ftightgrip02.htm%3B720%3B455

4. https://www.google.com/search?q=navigation+acts&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=KkUaUpDmDsivsASXnoHgDg&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1311&bih=600#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=rO-XhoPVOOKBXM%3A%3B_NPNaOmcrQF0JM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mrvanduyne.com%252Frevcauses%252Fnavacts.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mrvanduyne.com%252Frevcauses%252Ftightgrip02.htm%3B720%3B455https://www.google.com/search?q=navigation+acts&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=KkUaUpDmDsivsASXnoHgDg&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1311&bih=600#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=rO-XhoPVOOKBXM%3A%3B_NPNaOmcrQF0JM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mrvanduyne.com%252Frevcauses%252Fnavacts.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mrvanduyne.com%252Frevcauses%252Ftightgrip02.htm%3B720%3B455

5. Causes of the American Revolution-The French & Indian War- • To maintain mercantilism countries need more territories to colonize. Because of this need for new land wars were often fought. • As the British began to expand their colonies to the west they found themselves in a war with the French (who colonized much of the mid west and Canada) and their allies, the Native Americans of the area. • This became known as the French and Indian War (aka The Seven Years War).

6. Causes of the American Revolution-The French & Indian War- • The British won the war and became the one true colonial power in North America . • Problem: the war left Britain in a load of debt. • They felt that the colonists should pay off the debt https://www.google.com/search?q=french+and+indian+war&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=bUYaUsfDMOm9sQSCj4HgCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1311&bih=600#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=_Ihxk6-IMNETQM%3A%3BjHNe069IQHM8mM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252F4.bp.blogspot.com%252F-BopH1JjVFGE%252FUPTNweuzi3I%252FAAAAAAAABIs%252F4Uint7dpBB8%252Fs320%252FFrench%252Band%252BIndian%252BWar.JPG%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnyctimetraveler.blogspot.com%252F2013%252F01%252Fthe-french-and-indian-war-great-read.html%3B1173%3B1600

7. Causes of the American Revolution-Other Acts, Laws and Declarations- • Angry at the new acts, colonists decided to boycott British goods. • Sons of Liberty- a group that enforced the boycotts and used violence and intimidation to prevent the British from enforcing their laws. • Violence lead the British Parliament to repeal (take back) the Stamp Act. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_Dawe_(attributed),_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man,_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_(1774).jpg

8. Causes of the American Revolution-Other Acts, Laws and Declarations- • British responded with the Declaratory Act – said that the colonies must comply with British laws whether they felt represented or not. • 1767- Townshend Acts- tax on imported goods. • Violent reactions to this law resulted in an event called the Boston Massacre.

9. http://www.boston-tourism-guide.com/the-boston-massacre.html

10. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/revolution/image2.cfmhttp://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/revolution/image2.cfm

11. Assignment • Using your notes, and classroom supplies create a propaganda flyer expressing your disdain for one of the following British Acts: • Navigation Acts • Proclamation of 1763 • Writ of assistance • Quartering Act • Stamp Act • Townshend Acts • Intolerable Acts • Be sure to include the following: • The name of the act you are campaigning against • A motto or phrase that conveys your point • Make it look attractive • Use color

12. The Revolutionary Cause • December 1773- Boston Tea Party • Group of colonists dressed up as Mohawk Indians and raided ships in the Boston Harbor that were hauling British Tea. • Threw crates of tea overboard. • Cost the British a lot of money. https://www.google.com/search?q=boston+tea+party&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=eWwbUo78JNWpsQSG0oDwDw&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1117&bih=792#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=iAkv0TuLuMslmM%3A%3BV1g0L1bMM5UHLM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.earlyamerica.com%252Freview%252F2005_winter_spring%252Fimages%252Fteaparty4.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.earlyamerica.com%252Freview%252F2005_winter_spring%252Fboston_tea_party.htm%3B359%3B285

13. The Revolutionary Cause • British Reaction to Boston Tea Party: • Passed the “Coercive Acts” • AKA Intolerable Acts • Closed Boston Harbor • Military Governors in charge now • Took land from some of the colonies First Political Cartoon Benjamin Franklin http://www.cr-cath.pvt.k12.ia.us/lasalle/Resources/8th%20Websites%202012/Bryce,%20Jack,%20Nick%20Rev.%20War/Rev.%20War%20Nick%20Stark/Intolerable%20Acts%202.html

14. The Revolutionary Cause • A crisis broke out amongst the colonists. • Formed the First Continental Congress in 1774 to figure out how to deal with the Intolerable Acts. • Said: Colonists should be represented in Parliament, but because they are not they have the right to govern themselves. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/political/continental-congress.htm

15. The Revolutionary Cause • Fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord. • British troops tried to seize ammunition stored at Concord, Massachusetts. • Colonial militia met them at Lexington to stop them. • Fighting began. • “SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD” Click Here to Watch the “Shot heard ‘round the world” video. http://deadliestfiction.wikia.com/wiki/User_blog:Samurai234/Minutemen_vs._Jacobite_Rebels

17. The Revolutionary Cause • 1 month later… Second Continental Congress meets to decide how to deal with the situation. • Thomas Paine published Common Sense. • Made a case for independence. • Persuaded many people to feel the same. • Congress decided to draft the Declaration of Independence. http://www.moonstoneartscenter.org/category/thomas-paine/

18. Declaration of Independence • Congress appoint Thomas Jefferson to draft the declaration. • Jefferson was influenced by John Locke. • Egalitarianism- the idea that all men were created equal • Inalienable rights- rights that your are born with and that can’t be taken from you. (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) • List of complaints about the King http://www.biography.com/people/thomas-jefferson-9353715

19. Declaration of Independence • After the DOI was signed the colonies became STATES. • Each state wrote its own constitution that included a bill of rights. • State constitutions and bills of rights would later be the model for the US Constitution and Bill of Rights. http://catholiclane.com/thanksgiving-freedom-and-life/declaration-of-independence/ DOI Video

20. Battle of Bunker Hill • Bunker Hill – located outside of Boston • Breed Hill was also in the battle. • The British won this battle, but they lost more soldiers than the Americans. http://cae2k.com/rhythmic-gymnastics-photos-0/battle-of-bunker-hill-pics.html

21. George Washington • Appointed as the commander of the Continental Army by the Continental Congress. • For the first part of the war he struggled to lead the army. • December 1776- Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night and lead a sneak attack against the hessians (Germans who the British were paying to fight for them). http://thebaresquare.com/tag/new-england-patriots/

22. The War in the North • Saratoga, New York- Americans win the battle at Saratoga and the French decide it would be a good idea to help them fight against the British. • Valley Forge, PA- Harsh winter. Didn’t have enough warm clothes or food. Many died. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fggsupplytx.com%2Fproddetail.asp%3Fprod%3D70012&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=O9u7c9KeUJIDpM&tbnh=192&tbnw=262&zoom=1&docid=zf_0sjbje2x1wM&ei=P8scUum4E7THsATtkwE&ved=0CAMQsCU

23. The War in the South • Charleston, SC (6-28-1776) • South Carolina militia was able to defeat the British by using palmetto logs to barricade themselves. • The logs absorbed the impact of the cannon balls. • To honor this South Carolina put the palmetto tree on its state flag. http://www.50states.com/flag/scflag.htm

24. The War in the South • But… by 1780 – British had control of Charleston, SC and Savannah, GA. • British General Lord Cornwallis tried to invade NC as well, but Patriots won the Battle of Cowpens and Kings Mountain. http://www.revolutionary-war.net/charles-cornwallis.html

25. The War in the South • Guerilla Warfare: • In the South a special type of fighting was used. • Small bands of mobile combat troops who strike quickly and then disappear • Goal is to inflict damage, not win battles • Used by: • Francis Marion “The Swamp Fox” • Thomas Sumter “The Gamecock” http://www.nndb.com/people/107/000095819/ Marion http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/scnfs/learning/history-culture/?cid=fsbdev3_037410 Sumter

26. The War in the South • British General Cornwallis needed supplies badly so he marched his troops to Yorktown, VA. • Washington marched down and trapped the British between his army and the Atlantic Ocean. • October 19, 1781- The British surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown. Patriot Video Clip

27. The End • It took almost 2 more years to negotiate terms. • The war officially ended when the Treaty of Paris (1783) was signed. • The US was now and independent nation. http://totallyhistory.com/treaty-of-paris-1783/

28. Establishing a Government • The NEW United States needed to form a government to live by. • They didn’t want the central government to be strong. • Government: Confederation- each state would maintain its sovereignty while being loosely unified as a nation. • Wrote The Articles of Confederation. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/articles.html

29. Establishing a Government • Articles of Confederation failed. • It was weak. • 9 of the 13 states had to agree to pass a law. They states all had different interests, so this rarely happened. • Congress could not impose taxes. They could only ASK for taxes. http://frontpagemag.com/2011/tait-trussell/taxes-and-elections/

30. Establishing a Government • After the war- the states went through an economic crisis. • Depression: value of money was low, farmers were in debt, etc. • People were in debt, no able to make any money and getting frustrated. http://uclafacultyassociation.blogspot.com/2012/02/anti-pension-group-admits-it-has-no.html

31. Establishing a Government • Remember: Congress could not impose taxes, but states could. • MA raised taxes on its citizens. • Daniel Shays (farmer and war veteran) was enraged and led a rebellion of farmers. • Because the Articles were weak the national government couldn't do anything to help and MA had to deal with it on their own. http://campbell-hist.wikispaces.com/Daniel+Shays-+Jack

32. Establishing a Government • Shays’ Rebellion proved that the new government was not working! • Leaders called a convention (meeting) to talk about revising or fixing the Articles of Confederation. http://leadershipbygeorge.blogspot.com/2011/07/horrid-and-unnatural-rebellion-of.html

33. The Constitutional Convention • This started out as a meeting to fix the Articles of Confederation. • After a while, they realized they had to start new. • They threw out the Articles and began to write the Constitution of the United States of America which is still our government today. http://scogginsnoggin2.blogspot.com/2012/04/some-things-about-constitution.html

34. The Constitutional Convention • Rhode Island – only state to not send delegates • Delegate – a representative that was sent to the convention on behalf of a state • Everyone wanted different things --- compromises had to be made.

35. The Great Compromiseaka Connecticut Compromise Virginia Plan • Edmund Randolph & James Madison • 3 branches of government • Legislative Branch • Executive Branch • Judicial Branch • Legislative Branch: 2 houses (bicameral) • In both houses the number of representatives per state would be based on population. • The more people in your state, the more representative you would have.

36. The Great Compromiseaka Connecticut Compromise • Larger states loved this idea! (They would get more representatives!) • Small states hated this idea! (They would get less representatives!) • New Jersey (small state) comes up with their own plan to present.

37. The Great Compromiseaka Connecticut Compromise New Jersey Plan • 3 branches of government • Legislative branch • Executive branch • Judicial branch • Legislative Branch: 1 house (unicameral) • Each state would receive 1 vote (equal representation)

38. The Great Compromiseaka Connecticut Compromise • Roger Sherman (from Connecticut) • 3 branches of government • Legislative Branch: Bicameral • House of Representatives- number of representative are based on the population of the state (proportional representation) • Senate- each state gets 2 senators (equality) • We call both houses together CONGRESS

39. The Three-Fifths Compromise • Slaves were not voting citizens. • Because of this there was a controversy over whether or not they should be counted into the population (to determine how many representatives your state would get in the House of Representatives)

40. The Three-Fifths Compromise • Southern states- want slaves to count (they have a lot!) • Northern states- don’t want slaves to count (they have slaves, but not as many as the south) • COMPROMISE= every slave would count as 3/5s of a person.

41. The Three-Fifths Compromise Let’s make it easier… every 3 out of 5 slaves counted. Free Men: 5/5 count Slaves: 3/5 count

42. Slave Trade Compromise

43. The Bill of Rights

44. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalist • What role the national government would play was also a controversy. • Some liked the Constitution because it provided a STRONG national government. • Some didn’t like it the Constitution because they felt the strong national government might trample on their rights.

45. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalist • Because of this debate the political leaders split into two factions (parts). • Federalists: favored a strong central government and supported the Constitution. • Anti-Federalists: wanted the state governments to be stronger, not the central government. Opposed the Constitution. http://usrams.blogspot.com/2011/01/federalists-vs-anti-federalists.html

46. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalist Federalists Anti-Federalists Thomas Jefferson • Alexander Hamilton • James Madison • John Jay http://www.truthbeknown.com/washington-jefferson-mythicists.html http://robt.shepherd.tripod.com/alexander-hamilton.html

47. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalist Federalists Anti-Federalist Strict interpretation of the Constitution. Believed that you must only do what the Constitution specifically says. Fear that the national government would become to strong and infringe on citizens’ rights. • Loose interpretation of the Constitution • They believed that you could interpret the Constitution and that there were things the national government could do that weren’t specifically written in it.

48. Federalists Papers • Hamilton, Madison and Jay wrote a series of essays called The Federalist Papers. • The essays were written to persuade people to ratify (vote for) the Constitution. • Eventually the Federalists won and the Constitution was ratified. • Anti-Federalists get a Bill of Rights, like they wanted. http://www.spacecoastfreedom.com/main/content/federalist-papers

49. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • 1789- Constitution goes into effect. • People are in an economic crisis. • Alexander Hamilton was the new Secretary of Treasury.

50. Hamilton’s Economic Plan • National gov’t should take on state debts. • Excise Tax- (tax per unit produced) on whiskey • Impose tariffs (tax on imports) • Create a National Bank • President Washington approved.