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HISTORY OF FERNS R oughly 12,000 species  - Pteridophyta . R eproduce via spores , no seeds -  no flowers .

HISTORY OF FERNS R oughly 12,000 species  - Pteridophyta . R eproduce via spores , no seeds -  no flowers . S ome recent authors have used the term monilophytes .

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HISTORY OF FERNS R oughly 12,000 species  - Pteridophyta . R eproduce via spores , no seeds -  no flowers .

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  1. HISTORY OF FERNS • Roughly 12,000 species -Pteridophyta. • Reproduce viaspores, no seeds- no flowers. • Some recent authors have used the term monilophytes. • Ferns fossil record 360 mill. years –Carboniferous-many current families & species ± 145 mill. years old, early Cretaceous (after flowering plants came to dominate).

  2. Liquidamberorientalis; Epigaeagaultheroides

  3. Word “medicine” generallytranslatestomean “mystery”.  • All of naturecomesfromtheGreatMystery, themystery of life. • Who is to say, therefore, thatthere is not a designbeyondeverydaycomprehensionthatbringsforthcertainplants in abundanceforthesake of healing? • “Everythinghappensfor a reason”.

  4. FERN ETHNOBOTANY • Ferns: -grown or gathered for food, -ornamental plants, -remediating contaminated soils, -remove some chemical pollutants from the air, -play role in mythology+medicine + art.

  5. Homeopathicpractitionershavefoundmedicinaluses: Oilfromrootsusedtoexpelparasiticworms in humans. • Liquidextract, powder, pill form. • Veterinariansofferanimalspowdered form + honeytotreatintestinalparasites.

  6. BlackspleenwortAspleniumadiantum-nigrum L. can be usedtotreatdiarrheaandotherdisorders-scientific name +common name "spleenwort" -from an old belief, based on the doctrine of signatures, that the fern was useful for ailments of the spleen, due to the spleen-shaped sori on the backs of the fronds. "-wort" is an ancient English term that simply means "plant" • Maidenhair fern(Adiantum) functions as a remedy for lung problems. • France-a coughsyrup is madefromthemaidenhair'sfrondsandrootscalledSirop de Capillaire.

  7. Maidenhairfern (Adiantumvenustm) BlackspleenwortAspleniumadiantum-nigrum L.

  8. Roots of theroyalferncan helpcurejaundiceduringitsearlystages, promotehealingwhenappliedtowounds. Ferns as Food • Roots, orrhizomes, of manyfernspeciesareeaten as a richsource of carbohydrates. Osmundaregalis

  9. Bracken fern, although carcinogenic, can be used in place of hops (Humuluslupulus) to ferment beer. • Japaneseeatlargequantities of brackenfern-highestincidences of stomachcancer in theworld. Bracken Fern-Pteridium aquilinum

  10. Cooked, raw, orused in a beverage, fernshavemanyculinarypurposes. • Fragrantwoodfern can be dried, madeintoherbaltea. • Crozier, orcurledfiddlehead a delicacy-addedtosalads as raw; boiled in salt watertoremovehairs & scalesuntilsoftenoughtoeat. • Well-knownfiddleheadfern, deliciousspring time food, has a bothnourishing & cleansingquality. WoodFern: Dryopteris campylopteris

  11. fiddleheads Blackspleenwort Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. Maidenhair fern(Adiantum venustm)

  12. Fernshave fiddleheads expand into delicately divided fronds. • Fiddleheads or Fiddlehead greens are the furled fronds of a young fern, harvested for use as a vegetable. • Left on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new frond.

  13. Fiddleheads harvested early in the season before the frond has opened, cut fairly close to the ground. • Fiddleheads have antioxidant activity, are a source of omega-3, omega-6 fatty acids, & high in iron +fibre.

  14. Certain varieties have been shown to be carcinogenic. • Fiddlehead resembles the curled ornamentation (called a scroll) on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a violin. • Also called crozier, after the curved staff used by bishops.

  15. HelpingtheEnvironment • Fernsusefulforsoils, minimize soilerosion & promotestabilization & cleanenvironment. • Rootsystem -long, thin, horizontal web of rhizomesbelowthesoil'ssurface- addsstability + moisturetothesoil - softelegancetogardenlandscape. • Asia-farmersuseAzollafern, an aquaticspecies, as "green" manuretofertilizericecrops.

  16. Azolla-a "super-plant“, draws down tonnes of N/ha/year (0.25 kg/m²/yr)=6 tonnes/ acre of C drawdown (1.5 kg/m²/yr). • Uses atmospheric N for growth, main limit to growth availability P. • C,N,S arbon, as 3 of the key elements of proteins, and P required for DNA, RNA and in energy metabolism. • Grows at great speed in favourable conditions – modest warmth and 20 hours of sunlight, both were in evidence at the poles during the early Eocene – and can double its biomass over 2-3 days in such a climate.

  17. Plantsform intimate symbiotic associations or "marriages“ (Algae +Fungi=Lichens; N-fixing bacteria-symbiotically inside the root nodules of legumes). • Divorce is practically nonexistent -separations result in the death of one or both partners. • Relationshipmay be decidedly one-sided-only one partner actually benefiting.

  18. Most fascinating of all plant marriages is tiny aquatic water fern (Azolla) and a microscopic filamentous blue-green alga or cyanobacterium (Anabaena azollae). • Grow together at the surface of quiet streams and ponds throughout tropical and temperate regions of the world. • Azollathe"duckweed fern" grows with 1 or more species of duckweeds(Lemnaceae), includingLemna, Spirodela,Wolffia& Wolffiella.

  19. Azolla may produce reddish anthocyanin in the leaves, in contrast with the bright green carpets of duckweed and filamentous green algae in summer. • African water fern (Salviniarotundifolia),( S. auriculata)- mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records (1985 UK Edition) as “most intransigent weed.” • In11 months coversan area of 199 km2, can increaseto1002 km2. Salviniarotundifolia

  20. Traditional cultivation as a bio-fertilizer for wetland paddy; used for sustainable production of livestock feed. Rich in proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins + minerals;as a food stuff for human consumption. Feedingazolla to dairy cattle, ducks, chickens-increases milk production, weight of broiler chickens & egg production.

  21. Used for over 1000 years in rice paddies as a companion plant-fix N, block light to prevent competition from other plants. Azolla spp. used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. Thick mat on water surface -more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.

  22. PaleoclimatologicalImportance: AzollaeventTheory Arctic  reportsAzolla may have had a significant role in reversing an increase in greenhouse effect that occurred 55 mil. years ago caused the region around the N pole to turn into a hot, tropical environment. Massive patches of Azolla growing on freshwater surface of the Arctic Oceanconsumed enough  CO2from the atmosphere for the global greenhouse effect to decline. Formation of Ice sheets inAntarctica and the current "Icehouse period“started.

  23. AdiantumpedatumMAIDENHAIR  (ASOMPS,A.capillus-veneris:againsthairloss=Finasteride,Iran) (A.venusatum: Murree,Galyat,Mujeeb-ur-Rehman et al.,) • Maidenhairusedforrheumatism (theeffect on contractedmuscleslikenedtotheuncurlingfiddleheads)- thecompounddecoctionordecoction of rootappliedwithwarmhands as externalrub, orinfusioninternally.  • Infusionordecoction of wholeplantused as an emeticforfever +feverwithchills. 

  24. Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantumpedatum

  25. Powdered leaves smoked for heart trouble; snuffed or smoked for asthma.  • Used for paralytic attacks, from pneumonia in children.  • Sacred preparation of whole plant used specifically for women’s irregular heartbeat. 

  26. Maidenshair - powerful medicine for  heart. • Decoction used to purify the blood & for stomach troubles.  • Ashes mixed for shortness of breath, produce strength & endurance, green fronds used likewise.

  27. 1-Fronds chewed for weak stomach.  2-Compound decoction of the root for dysentery. 3-Root +Stem mix used for children. 4-Blade+stem+root used in the gynecology.  5-Used in decoction for fits.  6-Infusion of the root used for caked breasts.  7-Poultice of plant applied to sore back of babies.  8-Wet fronds poulticed for snakebite. 

  28. Decoction-as wash for venereal disease -gonorrhea.  • As poultice or wash for bleeding, insect stings, snakebites, arthritis & hairloss. • For endurance in ceremonial dancing- infusion used, especially in winter, to prevent fatigue.  • Suchuses + sacredpreparationpracticedindicatefernwasregarded as a sacredmedicine. 

  29. 1-Black stems as a  hunting charm. 2-ssp.pedatum  used for children’s cramps, as decoction.  3-Decoction of green roots used as a foot soak for rheumatism + taken internally. 4-Decoction of roots taken as a diuretic for the cessation of urine due to stones.  5-Compound decoction or infusion taken for excessive menstruation. 6-Decoction of roots used for abortion. 

  30. abortion or delivery pains, antirheumatic, emetic, diaphoretic, cardiotonic, stimulant, alterative, astringent,  antispasmodic,  emenagogue, andantiseptic.  • Dry & cool, with an affinityfortheheart & reproductivesystem.

  31. Aspleniumrhizophyllum-WALKING FERN Decoctionused as emetic, as compoundforswollenbreasts. Aspleniumtricomanes MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT • Usedforbreastdiseases, coughs, liverailments.

  32. Aspleniumrhizophyllum Athyriumfelix-femina

  33. Athyriumfilis-feminaLADY FERN • Ssp. angustumusedforintestinalfevers, andformensvenerealdisease. • Othervarietiesusedforpain, cancer, sores, vomitingblood, andforsoreeyes.  • Roottea as diuretic, forbreastpainscausedbychildbirth, andforcakedbreasts, Stemteausedtoeaselabor.

  34. Usedforwomen’sheadaches, withWillowandplantsforcalmingfemaleanxiety. • Rootused in compounddecoctionforstoppedurine; gratedanddriedforsores.  • Steminfusionsusedforpain.  • Unfurlingfrondsusedforinternalailments as withwomen’swomb. 

  35. Decoction of poundedstemsusedtoeaselaborpains.  • Rootdecoctionusredforbosompainscausedbychildbirth, infusionsforcakedbreastsandotherfemaledisorders.   • Ssp. cyclosorumused as a washforsoreeyes as a simpleorcompoundrootdecoction.

  36. Botrychiumvirginianusssp. virginianus

  37. BotrychiumvirginianumRATTLESNAKE FERN • Ssp. virginianum as coughmedicinefortuberculosis - coldinfusion of root.   • Rootdecoction as emetic,as concentratedsyrupforexternaluse on snakebites, juicefromthefrondusedforinsectbites & stings.

  38. Used as demulcent & forchildren’smedicine.  • Poultice of freshrootforsnakebite, as a repellant, as a  diaphoretic &expectorant, andtherootdecoction as emetic.  • Usedforlungtrouble- tuberculosis; poulticedrootused on cuts.

  39. Cystopterisfragilis

  40. CystopterisfragilisFRAGILE FERN • As compoundinfusionforinjury.  DennstaedtiapunctilobulaHAY-SCENTED FERN • As compoundinfusionforchills, forlunghemorrhages.

  41. Commonfern, Pteridiumaquilinum(brackenOr Common bracken) formingthickpatches in theforestunder-story. • Sign of imbalance in theecosystem, as it growsexcessivelyduetodeeroverbrowse.  • Hay-scented Ferns (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) along with invasive plants like Barberry (Berberis most important wild medicinal herbs) and Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) can be harvested without concern.

  42. Heyscentedfern: Dennstaedtiapunctilobulasori Dennstaedtiapunctilobula Polygonum_cuspidatum

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