Presented at the 5 th African Network for Internationalization of Education (ANIE) Addis Ababa,

1. A case for the ‘3-tier model’ of cooperationas prerequisite forregional academic integrationof higher education in Southern Africa Presented at the 5th African Network for Internationalization of Education (ANIE) Addis Ababa, 2-4 October, 2013 Shingirai L. Taodzera University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

2. Background • Walter Rodney (1972) Transition from colonial era to contemporary unequal patterns of cooperation, dependency and underdevelopment in Africa • Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) Systems Theory, intricate global structure of inequality also replicated in domestic systems • Crawford Young (1998), MahmoodMamdani (1996) Enduring institutions of colonial rule, informalised & patrimonial politics, the state as an extractive institution vs. custodian of social contract • Frederick Cooper (2002) African post-colonial governments as “gatekeeper states”, i.e. economic policies’ effectiveness undermined by diversion of revenue • Thandika Mkandawire (2001) Developmental state model as alternative model of governance to drive sustainable development

3. The state of higher education • Nature of Higher Education Quality tertiary education as increasingly exclusive “commodity” • Locus of Higher Education Global economy of privatisation and commodification • Absence of rights-based approach Imperative need for promotion of access to education as a basic right

4. Key stake holders • Governments Policy makers, custodians of the ‘social contract’ • Universities Incubators and producers of skills and knowledge • Human capital consumers Think tanks, universities, companies, other • Students Prospective professionals and leaders in various facets of life

5. ‘3 tier’ cooperation

6. Roles in the partnership Governments • Political economy framework, funding, capacity building, incentivisation & support • Universities The academy as owners & drivers of tertiary level knowledge & skills development • Think Tanks Research focus, bridging the academy and professional, capacity for multiple partnerships (e.g governments, diplomatic community, academics, NGO, corporate, IGO)

7. Alternative view

8. Challenges • Political vs. Social goals • National context & resource constraints • Variance in organisational capacity • Questions of mutuality of goals between local and regional actors • Domestic vs. international commitments and loyalties

9. Conclusions • Government policies aimed at developing higher education through finance, capacity building and incentivising the academy increase possibility of establishment & sustainability of regionalisation and internationalisation of higher education • De-commodification of higher education for rights based approach • Strengthening of intra-state & regional inter-varsity partnerships from grassroots/departmental levels upwards • Sustainable partnerships between governments, universities and think tanks as key stakeholders and drivers of growth and knowledge production

10. Thank you