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From Triangles to Circles and Back - Exploring Connections among Common Core Standards

From Triangles to Circles and Back - Exploring Connections among Common Core Standards. Facilitator: David Brown May 3, 2014. Workshop Goals. Setting the stage: Standards for Mathematical Practices Hands-on exploration of Pythagorean triples incorporating NYS Secondary CCLS-M

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From Triangles to Circles and Back - Exploring Connections among Common Core Standards

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  1. From Triangles to Circles and Back - Exploring Connections among Common Core Standards Facilitator: David Brown May 3, 2014

  2. Workshop Goals • Setting the stage: Standards for Mathematical Practices • Hands-on exploration of Pythagorean triples incorporating NYS Secondary CCLS-M • Discuss geometry and algebra connections • Digging Deeper

  3. Standards for Mathematical Practice Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Model with mathematics. Use appropriate tools strategically. Attend to precision. Look for and make use of structure. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

  4. Motivation from Homer Simpson Clip – Homer3 (Tree House of Horror VI)

  5. A Surprising Equation? 178212 + 184112 = 192212 Check on TI84-Plus: (1782^12+1841^12)^(1/12) = 1922 Verification!! Maybe?? How do we know this is FALSE?

  6. Fermat’s Last Theorem • an + bn = cn has no positive integer solutions if n>2. • Pierre de Fermat, 1601-1665. • Contrast: Rich structure if n=2. • Pythagorean Theorem

  7. Pythagorean Theorem • On to Part I of today’s Activity. • If a and b are the legs of a right triangle and c is the hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2. • Pythagorean Triples • Algebraic View: Integers (a, b, c) that satisfy a2 + b2 = c2 • Geometric View: Integers (a, b, c) that are the side lengths of a right triangle.

  8. Pythagorean Triples • Are there infinitely many Pythagorean triples? • How many entries can be even? • Can the hypotenuse ever be the only even side?

  9. Pythagorean Triples • Are there infinitely many primitive Pythagorean triples? • PATTERNS? • FORMULA(S)? • Have we found ALL triples now? • Well…no!

  10. Pythagorean Triples • Are there infinitely many primitive Pythagorean triples? • PATTERNS? • FORMULA(S)? • NOW have we found ALL triples? • WELL…

  11. Pythagorean Triples General formula: If p and q are positive integers with q>p, then a = q2 – p2 b = 2pq c = p2 + q2 always yields a Pythagorean triple! Every Pythagorean triple is of this form or a “dilation” of this form.

  12. Pythagorean Triples a = q2 – p2b = 2pq c = p2 + q2 Find a triple not on any of the previous lists. a = 33 b = 56 c = 65 Now we have new number theory question! For what integers p, q does q2 – p2 = 33?

  13. Pythagorean Triples a = q2 – p2b = 2pq c = p2 + q2 How do we derive this general formula for triples? More geometry - Look to the circle! The rational parameterization of the unit circle gives rise to Pythagorean triples!

  14. Pythagorean Triples Exploring triangles within circles - GeoGebra

  15. Pythagorean Triples Draw line between (-1,0) and (x,y) on unit circle. If (x,y) is rational, then slope (m) is also rational. Why? If m is rational then so is (x,y). The line between (-1,0) and (x,y) is given by y=m(x+1)

  16. Pythagorean Triples If (a,b,c) is a Pythagorean triple, then (a/c,b/c) is . . . A rational point on the unit circle! a2 + b2 = c2 implies (a2/c2) + (b2/c2) = (c2/c2) (a/c)2 + (b/c)2 = 1

  17. Pythagorean Triples Intersect y=m(x+1) and x2 + y2 = 1 x2 + (m(x+1))2 =1 Yields x and y in terms of m: x = (1-m2)/(1+m2) y = (2m)/(1+m2) Set m = p/q, with q>p Substitute and simplify.

  18. Pythagorean Triples x = (1-(p/q)2)/(1+p/q2) y = (2(p/q))/(1+(p/q)2) x = (q2–p2)/(p2+q2) y = 2pq/(p2+q2) a = q2 – p2 b = 2pq c = p2+q2

  19. Which Practice Standards Did We Use? Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Model with mathematics. Use appropriate tools strategically. Attend to precision. Look for and make use of structure. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

  20. CCSSM Content Standards Grade 8 Geometry (8.G) Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem. 6. Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse. 7. Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions. 8. Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

  21. CCSSM Content Standards HS Algebra Arithmetic with Polynomials & Rational Expressions A-APR Use polynomial identities to solve problems. 4. Prove polynomial identities and use them to describe numerical relationships. For example, the polynomial identity (x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + (2xy)2 can be used to generate Pythagorean triples.

  22. CCSSM Content Standards HS Algebra Creating Equations A-CED Create equations that describe numbers or relationships 1. Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions.

  23. CCSSM Content Standards HS Algebra Reasoning with Equations & Inequalities A-REI Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning 1. Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step, starting from the assumption that the original equation has a solution. Construct a viable argument to justify a solution method. 2. Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

  24. CCSSM Content Standards HS Algebra Reasoning with Equations & Inequalities A-REI Solve equations and inequalities in one variable. 4. Solve quadratic equations in one variable.

  25. CCSSM Content Standards HS Geometry Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations G-GPE Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section 1. Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean Theorem; complete the square to find the center and radius of a circle given by an equation.

  26. Digging Deeper Complex Numbers If x and y are integers and we form a+bi=(x+iy)2, then a2+b2is a perfect square. So, a and b are legs of an integer-sided right triangle. 60 Degree Triples If a, b, and c are whole-number sides of a triangle with a 60 degree angle, then c2 = a2-2ab+b2and a = n2 – nd + d2 b = 2nd - d2 c = n2 – nd +d2

  27. Digging Deeper Fermat’s Last Theorem If a, b, and c are whole-numbers, then the equation an + bn = cn has no solution.

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