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Chapter 27 Immunologic Diseases. Review of Structure and Function. Immunity means the resistance to, or protection from an individuals environment. As simple as that sounds, there are multiple ways this is achieved. . Immunity. Innate immunity Skin Inflammatory responses
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Chapter 27 Immunologic Diseases
Review of Structure and Function • Immunity means the resistance to, or protection from an individuals environment. • As simple as that sounds, there are multiple ways this is achieved.
Immunity • Innate immunity • Skin • Inflammatory responses • Adaptive immunity • Internal chemical reaction to foreign substances (antigens) in the body
Incomplete and Complete Antigens • Incomplete Antigens (Haptens) • These cannot trigger an immune response unless coupled with another antigen. • Complete antigens • These can induce an immune response and also interact with the antibodies produced by an immune response.
T cells and B cells • B lymphocytes are capable of developing into plasma cells to produce immunoglobins. • They originate from the lymphoid tissue of the GI tract and bone marrow
T cells and B cells • T lymphocytes are produced by the thymus, and are broken down further • T-helper Cells • T-suppressor Cells • Cytotoxic T cells
T cells • Antigens are broken down and presented to T cells. • When this occurs, the body will stimulate B cells to create antibodies (T-helper cells), suppress the production of antibodies (T-suppressor cells), or direct kill the foreign cell (Cytotoxic T-cell)
Immunoglobins • IgG • Most abundant, very active in bacterial infections • IgM • Controls bacteria and clumping of large foreign substances • IgA • Secreted in bodily fluids
Immunoglobins • IgE • Histamine release in the allergic response • IgD • Antigen receptor on the surface of mature B cells
Classification of Immunologic Diseases • Immune deficiency disease • Too little response to foreign agents • T-cell or B-cell deficiencies • Hypersensitivity reactions • Too much response to antigens • Types I-IV
Hypersensitivity Responses • Type I • Anaphylactic-atopic allergy • Type II • Cytotoxic-type hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity Responses • Type III • Immune complex or Arthus-type • Type IV • Delayed hypersensitivity
Most Frequent Type I Hypersensitivities • Allergic rhinitis • This is considered a chronic reaction • Allergic asthma • This is also considered a chronic reaction with acute episodes as well
Most Frequent Type I Hypersensitivities • Anaphylactic reactions • This is an acute reaction
Common Type II, III, and IV Hypersensitivities • Type II (Cytotoxic) • Transfusion reactions • Erythroblastosisfetalis • Type III (Immune complex) • Serum sickness • Cryoglobulinemia
Common Type II, III, and IV Hypersensitivities • Type IV (Delayed) • Allergic contact dermatitis • Poison Ivy
Diagnosis • Type I • Allergy skin testing • Type II • Direct Coombs test
Diagnosis • Type III • Immunofluorescence • Type IV • Injection under the skin, or a skin patch test.
Immune Deficiency Diseases • Primarily manifested by an increased susceptibility to infections. • B-cell system deficiency • Pyogenic pneumonia • T-cell system deficiency • Absence of skin reactivity
Autoimmune Diseases • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) • A relatively common auto-immune disease • Usually affects multiple organ systems